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African Regional Training of Trainers workshop on the Identification and Documentation of LMOs Item 6: SAMPLING AND DETECTION OF LMOs African Regional Training of Trainers workshop on the Identification and Documentation of LMOs SAMPLING AND DETECTION OF LMOs Introduction And Overview WHAT IS A LMO/GMO? Gerda M Marx GMO Testing Facility: Department of Haematology and Cell Biology GMO Testing Facility: Department of Haematology and Cell Biology UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE • UNIVERSITEIT VAN DIE VRYSTAAT • YUNIVESITHI YA FREISTATA UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE • UNIVERSITEIT VAN DIE VRYSTAAT • YUNIVESITHI YA FREISTATA Tel (051) 405 3198 • E-mail: [email protected] • www.ufs.ac.za Tel (051) 405 3198 • E-mail: [email protected] • www.ufs.ac.za Biology 101 Genetics 101 Genes are the unit of Heredity • Genetic material is like a Recipe Book • Chromosomes are Chapters in the Book • Genes are like Individual Recipes • Genes act as the Blue Print for Life 1 Genetics 101 Gene expression Gene expression LMO: Living Modified Organism GMO: Genetically Modified Organism GM: Genetic Modification GE: Genetic Engineering 2 Conventional Breeding • Based on Selection of Plants with Desirable Traits • Limitations of Plant Breeding Genetic Engineering • It is the purposeful addition of a foreign gene or genes to the genome of an organism through the use of recombinant DNA techniques • Sexual Barriers between Species • Undesirable traits are transferred and several back crosses must be made to minimize this effect Process of making LMOs 1. DNA Extraction 1. DNA Extraction The isolation of the DNA (containing the gene 2. Gene Cloning 3. Gene Design 4. Gene Transformation of interest) from the desired organism DNA Extraction 5. Backcross Breeding 3 2. Gene Cloning To isolate and select the gene of interest. Scientists use gene cloning and gene libraries to separate the single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted 3. Gene Design • Promoter • 35S: Active in every cell of a plant • PEP Carboxylase: Only active in cells making photosynthetic proteins • Coding Region • Termination Sequence 4. Gene Transformation The Transgene Construct • The new gene is inserted into the plant cell using different techniques of transformation • Transformed cells are regenerated into transgenic plants Virus Bacteria Plant Animal Human Bacteria • Transgenic plants are grown to maturity to produce transgenic seed 4 5. Backcross Breeding GM Events An event is a location specific insertion of a transgene into a specific location on a chromosome • Gene transformation inserts genes into the genome randomly • Each transformation is unique and creates a different event • Different insertion “events” of the same gene Event 2 Event 1 Asynchronous Release of Events Genetically Modified Organism Examples of approved maize for environmental release South Africa1 EU1 USA2 Bt176 BT11 BT11 MON810 MON810 MON810 NK603 NK603 NK603 x MON810 T14, T25 T14, T25 TC1507 MON863 4 3 24 1 Regulate Events 2 Regulate Genes 5 World Distribution of GM Crops Distribution by Country USA Argentina Brazil Canada India China Paraguay South Africa World Distribution of GM Crops million Ha 62.5 21.0 15.8 7.6 7.6 3.8 2.7 1.8 (James, 2009) World Distribution of GM Crops 6