* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Recombinant DNA - Westwind Alternate School
Transposable element wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Recombinant DNA - DNA from a plant or animal cell is removed and a piece cut out - That DNA is inserted into the genome of another cell - once inserted, that DNA will be replicated, transcribed and translated as is the rest of the organism’s genome Applications to insert human genes into other organism’s genomes that cause some human traits to be expressed – ex: HGH, insulin gene therapy – providing “fixed” genes to people with faulty genes (must use a vector) using genes that naturally fight a disease – ex: p53 into a virus vector that can be given to patients and may be incorporated into their genome do high tech selective breeding – instead of crossing individuals with desirable traits hoping for a suitable offspring, take an offspring and specifically insert genes – resistance to disease, increased productivity biological warfare (insert genes for harmful toxins into harmless bacteria, transfer to food, infect water/food with bacteria immune to available antibiotics) Techniques in Recombinant DNA (photocopied diagram of recombinant DNA technology) 1. use restriction enzymes to cut the DNA of both organisms to isolate the gene(s) you want 2. place cut pieces of DNA together with DNA ligase, allow recombination 3. Have(hope) the cells take up the DNA 4. use a selection technique to determine if the DNA has recombined the way you want it to in a bacterium One way: include a gene for antibiotic resistance beside the gene you really want try to grow the bacteria in that medium – only those bacteria that have incorporated the DNA you want will be able to grow clone these bacteria . Outline a basic technique used for gene transfer involving: plasmids = vector = medium by which genes of interest are transferred to host small (2 - 30 genes) loops of bacterial DNA which bacteria can: capture from environment by transformation replicate and transfer to other bacteria a host cell (bacterium): receives a gene of interest via a vector (= gene transfer) replicates repeatedly, passing on gene of interest to offspring (= cloning) restriction enzymes (endonucleases) produced naturally by bacteria as defense against viruses used to cut the desired section of the DNA recognizes unique sequences of DNA in plasmid and in gene of interest cuts DNA, producing “sticky ends” complementary sticky ends in gene of interest and plasmid allow incorporation of gene of interest into plasmid, producing recombinant DNA DNA ligase creates covalent bonds joining together gene of interest within plasmid, producing recombinant DNA 9. State two examples of the current uses of genetically modified crops or animals genetically modified cows contain human genes for making medically important proteins (insulin, growth hormone) human proteins are extracted from cow’s milk and sold as pharmaceuticals genetically modified tomatoes contain genes to ripen without becoming soft 10. Discuss the potential benefits and possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification Potential escape of genetically engineering plants from cultivation out-competing naturally occurring varieties, thus becoming super weeds altering ecosystem interactions 12. Outline a technique for cloning using differentiated cells -cloning farm animals -differentiated mammary cells extracted from parent sheep; grown in nutrient-deficient solution to stop the cell cycle -undifferentiated egg cells extracted from egg donor; nucleus removed and discarded -mammary cell placed next to enucleated egg cell -electric shock causes two cell membranes to fuse, and mitosis to trigger -mitotic division continues, producing embryo -embryo implanted into surrogate mother -after 5-month gestation, Dolly the lamb born with identical genotype to parent donating nucleus from mammary cell 13. Discuss the ethical issues of cloning in humans opposition to human cloning is very strong, based on a variety of arguments most of which invoke a violation of “the sanctity of life” arguments for human cloning involve at least two different cloning techniques cloning fetal tissue (stem cells) to produce organs and other tissues (but not entire individuals) for medical purposes (curing diseases) cloning individuals for parents carrying genetic disease alleles, producing normal children has reduced probability among embryos produced normally, identify diseased embryos and discard, separate and clone healthy embryos, saving frozen embryos for later pregnancies