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Protein Synthesis Essential Question Activating Strategy How does DNA code for making proteins (protein synthesis) and how is this process essential to life? - DNA codes for making proteins by using mRNA. That is messenger RNA which is used to synthesize proteins. RNA and DNA can be very alike and different at the same time. RNA uses uracil and DNA uses thymine. RNA sequences match with the DNA sequences and synthesizes RNA. This process is essential to life because we as human use it to make sure our bodies aontinue on the same routine and to make sure we function properly throughout our life time. DNA complementary base pairs: A to T, C to G RNA complementary base pairs: A to U, C to G Transcribe the following DNA strand to RNA: ATGGCTATCTAA UACCGAUAGAUU Transcription- the process of making mRNA from DNA’s instructions 1. Enzymes unzip the molecule of DNA by DNA Replication 2. Free RNA nucleotides attach to one exposed strand of DNA 3. The sugar-phosphate backbone bonds. This time is uses __ribose_______ instead of deoxy-ribose. 4. The mRNA breaks away as the DNA strands rejoin. The DNA returns to its _original state_________ 5. mRNA leaves the __nucleus_______ and enters the ____cytoplasm___________. It is headed to a __ribosome________________. - mRNA carries a genetic message (a sequence of __nucleotides______________________) - amino acids make up _the protein_____________ - there are only _20_ common amino acids in the world Codon = a sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases that math with a specific amino acid. Ex: ATG Example: The RNA strand AUGUAAAUU is actually the following three codons: _AUG__ __UAA__ _AUU__. The _order____ of the nitrogenous bases in the mRNA determines the type and order of the __type amino acids______ in a protein. There are _64___ possible codons but only __20__ Possible Amino Acids Start codon = _AUG (Methionine or Met)___ Stop codons = _UAA UAG UGA_ More than one codon can code for the same amino acid BUT for any one codon, there can only be one amino acid!!! The genetic code is _UNIVERSAL__. (i.e. all organisms use this code and follow it to make proteins) Translation = the process of making proteins from amino acids using the instructions written on mRNA Translation happens in the ___cytoplasm_______ at the __ribosome__________. 1. The strand of mRNA attaches to the __ribosome_____. 2. A __tRNA___ molecule brings the first amino acid to the mRNA strand that is attached to the ribosome. 3. A tRNA __anticodon_______________ pairs with the first mRNA codon temporarily. What is the first mRNA codon? _AUG_____ Anticodon = region of tRNA that is complimentary (or reverse) to the codon of mRNA. This is where it attaches. 4. _AUG_____ signals the start of protein production. 5. The __ribosomes___ slides along the mRNA to the next _codon_. 6. A new _tRNA________ carrying an __amino acid_ pairs with the second mRNA codon. 7. The first and second _amino acid___ bond together in a __peptide___ bond. 8. This process continues joining amino acids until the ribosome reaches a _stop___ codon on the mRNA strand. 9. The amino acid strand (now an __amino acid chain____) is released from the ribosome. 10. Once released the Amino Acid Chain __folds into a protein (tertiary structure!) Comparison of Replication and Transcription DNA Replication DNA Transcription 1. DNA to DNA 2. DNA is permanently split and now has a parent and daughter strand 3. Final product prepares cell for division but remains in the nucleus (b/c DNA never leaves!) 1. DNA to RNA 2. DNA return to original state 3. Final product shoots out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to make proteins at the Ribosome Assessment Prompt: Using the Codon Chart determine the amino acid that matches the given codons below. ACU- Thr AUG- Met CCC- Pro TAT (AUA) - Ile GCA- Ala UGA- Stop GGU- Gly CAT (GUA) - Val