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Biotechnology Applications By Diana L. Duckworth Rustburg High School Campbell County Uses of in vitro DNA • DNA sequencing of base pairs – Many organisms have been sequenced – Human Genome Project • Know the entire human genome at base pair level • Use sequences to study a number of issues – Address questions of evolution by comparing differences and similarities in DNA; greater similarity, more closely related – Study function of different genes & how they are regulated – important with regard to gene therapy • Ethical issues: Should one be able to patent a gene? – Example – high cholesterol tolerance in Italian population; who has the right to that gene & its products? More in vitro applications • Diagnosis of disease – HIV in earliest stages – Identify harmful alleles through gel electrophoresis • DNA fingerprinting – Paternity tests – Identification of criminals Applications of in vivo DNA cloning • Gene therapy – Vector cells such as viruses used to produce recombinant DNA containing gene a normal allele from donor – Used to infect in vitro bone marrow cells (stem cells) from individual with genetic defect – Cells are then reintroduced into patient – Begin to produce normal proteins to combat the disease • Human trials in SCID (immune deficiency disease) – 9/10 showed improvement; – 2 later developed leukemia as a result; trials suspended More in vivo applications • Pharmaceutical products – Bacteria such as E. coli as the host organism contain gene for human insulin – The gene is transcribed by the bacteria producing insulin – Can be produced in industrial environment to produce insulin for use by diabetics • Other pharmaceutical products – human growth hormone and – Tissue plasminogin activator or TPA (combats blood clots causing heart attacks – Vaccines; protein that stimulates immune response is produced by genetic engineering just as other pharmaceutical products More in vivo applications • Bioengineered bacteria can be created to aid in environmental cleanup – Already used in oil spills – May be used to remove heavy metals from pollution sites • Agricultural Uses – Transgenic livestock • Desirable genes (even from other species) are injected into a fertilized egg in vitro which is then implanted in a surrogate • Developing fetus incorporates gene & organism then has that trait • Being used to create pharmaceuticals in eggs or in milk – more economical & efficient More agricultural uses • Transgenic Plants – Use plasmids from soil bacteria as vector – Recombinant DNA incorporated into plant cells which regenerate into mature plants – Example: golden rice was engineered to contain beta-carotene; combats Vitamin A deficiency in half of the world’s population – Pharmaceuticals in tobacco plants – vaccines such as hepatitus B and factors which interfere with bacteria that cause tooth decay – Roundup resistant corn (cannot legally be used for food) • Ethical concerns: what if the plant escapes to the wild? In food plants – what if strange genes & proteins cause allergic reactions http://www.goldenrice.org/