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Transcript
Structure and Function of the Cell Chapter EIGHT Cells • Discovery of cells made possible with the discovery of the microscope • Def: smallest unit of matter that can carry on all the processes of life Discovery of the Cell (made possible by the discovery of scope – 1665 - Hooke - Discovered and named the cell – observed cork – called them tiny rooms – 1673 Leewenhoek - First to see living cells (microscopic organisms) Discovery of the Cell • 1824 – Dutrochet - Plants and Animals are made of cells • 1831 - Brown – Discovered the nucleus • 1835 - Dujardin – Discovered protoplasm • 1838 - Schleiden (botanist) – Hypothesized all plants were made of cells Discovery of the Cell • 1839 - Schwann (zoologist) – Hypothesized all animals are made of cells • 1855 - Virchow – All cells come from other cells – Discovered that the nucleus controls the cell Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things organelles Cell Tissue Organs Organ System Organism 3. Cells come from reproduction of existing cells Types of Cells Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Unicellular • Multicellular and unicellular No nucleus • Nucleus present No membrane • Membrane bound organelles bound organelles Most numerous of living things Ex: bacteria, protista • Ex: animals, plants, fungus, algae Cell Shape • The shape of the cell (form) reflects its function. • Ex: Nerve cell are long strands for sending chemical messages throughout the body. • Ex: Blood cells are circular and pliable to get through the blood vessels. Cell Shape- “Skin Deep” • Skin Deep Cell Size 10-50 um (micrometers) Limited by its surface area to volume ratio Lipid bilayer • Contain a phosphate head that is polar and soluble in water • Has a fatty acid tail that is nonpolar and insoluble in water Parts of the Cell Cell (Plasma) Membrane ◦ Semipermeable - keeps some molecules out, but lets others through (controls what enters and leaves cell ◦ Made of a lipid bilayer ◦ Has protein channels that aid with the movement of nutrients, water, oxygen into the cell and waste and CO2 out of the cell ◦ Have carbohydrate chains which are chemical recognition sites and interact with each other Fluid Mosaic Model Fluid: Membrane bilayer acts as liquid (lipids and proteins move within bilayer) Mosaic: made of several different components Ex’s: nuclei, vacuoles, mitochondria, and chloroplast Cytoplasm • contains water and salts • between cell membrane and the nucleus • Site of chemical reactions Nucleus and Nucleolus Nucleus directs all activity of the cell; such as cell growth, protein synthesis, cell division Nucleolus is a dark dot in the nucleus makes ribosomes and stores proteins and RNA Nuclear Envelope or Nuclear Membrane • Double membrane where substances enter and leave through pores (nuclear pores) Cell Wall Located outside cell membrane, has pores Supports and protects plant Made of cellulose Nonliving Plants, fungus, bacteria Vacuole • Large fluid filled membranous sac • Stores , enzymes, metabolic wastes • Pressure of water keeps plants from wilting Plastids • Have 2 membranes • Function- store energy in sugar molecule bonds • Types… Plastids (plants only) • Chromoplast – Pigments for red, orange, and yellow color fruit, flowers, leaves • Chloroplasts – Contain chlorophyll (green) trap sunlight for photosynthesis Leucoplast • Found in plants • Colorless • Starch storage Ribosomes Make proteins and enzymes Found free floating in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum Has no membrane In Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells Endoplasmic Reticulum FUNCTIONS Makes protein and enzymes makes steroids (gland cells) regulates calcium levels in muscle breaks down toxic substances in the liver Rough ER - has ribosomes Smooth ER - has NO ribosomes stores what the RER makes Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Complex Add lipids or carbohydrates to proteins made by rough ER and ribosomes Golgi then package the finished proteins and transports them for export Lysosomes Small sacs of powerful digestive enzymes which cleans up cellular wastes by dissolving them Made by golgi Centrioles • Rod shape structure • Used during mitosis and is responsible for spindle formation and movement • Animals only • Made of microtubules Cytoskeleton Called microtubules Hollow tubes that support cells and move cells Maintains shape and size of cell Microfilaments: protein fibers used to move organelles and used in muscle contractions Cilia/Flagella • • • • Hair like organelle for movement Cilia-many and short Flagella-few and long -tail like Made of microtubules Flagella and Cilia Movement Mitochondria Provide energy for the cell by converting glucose and oxygen into A.T.P.(energy molecule) Called the powerhouse of the cell Cristae increases surface area for chemical reactions Chromatin Fine strands Combination of DNA and protein Located in nucleus When tightly packed they are called chromosomes Stores heredity info Differences Between Plants and Animals • Animals have centrioles, many small vacuoles, • Plants have cell walls, large central vacuole, and chloroplasts Cell Action • Harvard 3D animation