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Transcript
Changes in DNA can produce variation Section 5.2 DNA sequence can change • Differences in DNA are what make one organism different from another • The number of differences between two species is large Human 3 billion Base pairs Yeast cell 12 Million Base Pairs DNA sequence can change • The number of differences between 2 individuals of the same species is small • (<0.1% variation) DNA sequence can change • There is a large number of DNA bases in any organism that need to be copied • Errors can occur when DNA is copied or affected by environment – UV radiation – X-rays – Toxins DNA sequence can change • Mutation – any change in DNA • Cells have ways of fixing mistakes in DNA • However some mistakes are not fixed Possible outcomes when error occurs in genes No effect – Some amino acids have more than one code and may not change resulting protein – May have enough protein being produced Possible outcomes when error occurs in genes • Mutation is minor – May only cause a change in appearance Possible outcomes when error occurs in genes Mutation is great – Could be good (Resistant to disease) – Could be bad (genetic disorder or disease) • Only 5% of human DNA is in genes • If mutation occurs in a non-coding region, then chances are that the mutation is neutral Genetic Disorders • Disease or condition caused by mutations that affect normal functions of the cell – Can be inherited (Tay-Sachs) – Can occur during a person’s life (Cancer) Genetic Disorders • A person can carry a tendency for a disease (diabetes) • Sometimes a person’s behavior can prevent the disease (smoking) Genetic Disorders • Mutations can have more than one effect – Sickle cell anemia • Recessive disorder • Prevents blood from carrying oxygen • Prevents malaria Genetic Disorders • Pedigree – shows a family relationship for 2 or more generations Cancer • • • • A group of disorders Characterized by uncontrolled division of cells Cells can spread to other tissues Causes – Inherited – Carcinogens – Radiation – Series of mutations
