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Transcript
Cellular Activities By the students Asmaa abd mouhammed Asmaa mouhammed tawfiq Asmaa nazar Asmaa wisam CELL MEMBRANE BY THE STUDENT ASMAA ABD Cell Membrane Controls what enters and leaves the cell Separates cell from the environment Made of two layers of phospholipids Has protein ‘gates’ that pass materials in and out. Diffusion The movement of particles from an area where they are crowded to areas where they are less crowded. Does not use any energy from the cell! (no ATP) Particles must be very small (oxygen, water, salt) The Diffusion Applet Examples of diffusion Scent of perfume Smell of cookies baking Food coloring mixing in water Osmosis The movement of WATER across a MEMBRANE A special type of diffusion When water is mixed with other materials, the water is less concentrated Water moves from where it is more crowded to where it is less crowded Passive Transport Small particles move through protein gates in cell membrane. A special type of diffusion. Does NOT use any energy from cell (no ATP). Active Transport Small particles move through protein gates in cell membrane. Particles move from less crowded areas to more crowded areas. ◦ (like blowing up a balloon) NEEDS energy from cell (ATP) ENDOCYTOSIS BY THE STUDENT ASMAA MOUHAMMED Endocytosis Cell membrane surrounds and pinches off to bring large molecules/materials into the cell. Brings in food, proteins, chemical messages into the cell. NEEDS lots of energy from the cell (ATP)! Pinched off membrane forms vesicles Exocytosis Vesicles of materials that need to leave the cell, merge with the cell membrane and expel the materials from the cell. Uses lots of ATP from the cell. Used to send waste and proteins from the cell. endocytosis/exocytosis Cellular Respiration Who – plants and animals What – Food is combined with oxygen to release energy (ATP) sugar and oxygen carbon dioxide and water (ADP ATP) When – All of the time Where – in mitochondria of cells Why – to make ATP to power all of the cell’s activities Fermentation Produces ATP without using oxygen. Produces much less ATP than cellular respiration 2 types: ◦ Bacteria & fungi – produces alcohol as waste Used to make wine, beer and liquor ◦ Animals – produces lactic acid (causes ‘burn’ and cramping in muscles) CELL DIVISION BY THE STUDENT ASMAA NAZAR Cell Division Used for: ◦ Growth ◦ Repair (healing a cut or break) ◦ Reproduction Before a cell divides it must: Copy its DNA How many chromosomes are there in a human? Fruit Fly? A potato? Human - 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) Fruit Fly - 8 chromosomes (4 pairs) Potato - 48 chromosomes (24 pairs) The number of chromosomes has nothing to do with the complexity of an organism 3 stages of eukaryotic cell division Stage 1 – The cell grows and copies its organelles and chromosomes 2) Stage 2 – DNA Separation = Mitosis 3) Stage 3 – Cell division into two cells identical to the original cell 1) Mitosis The process of nucleus duplication. Ensures that each cell receives a copy of each chromosome. 4 parts DUPLICATION BY THE STUDENT ASMAA WISAM Duplicate DNA is copied so that each new cell has a complete set of instructions. Nuclear membrane breaks down so DNA can move in cell Lineate Pairs of chromosomes (DNA) line up in the middle of the cell Separate One copy of each strand of DNA moves to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis Cytoplasms split into 2 Each cell has own copies of DNA and organelles Cells are identical