Download Terms to know: Biology, Hypothesis, Variable, Control, Metabolism

CP BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 2016
Ms. Chicherchia
CHAPTER 1 – The Science of Biology
Terms to know: Life processes: Excretion, Nutrition, Transport, Homeostasis, Variable,
Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Hypothesis, Theory, Synthesis
1. What are the characteristics that all living things have in common? Know the life
processes.
2. What is a controlled experiment? Independent and dependent variables?
3. What are the parts of the cell theory?
4. What is homeostasis?
5. Levels of organization
CHAPTER 2 – The Chemistry of Life
Terms to know: hydrogen bond, hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis, hydrogen bond, cohesion and adhesion,
monomer, polymer
6. Know about the structure, bonds and polarity of water
7. Know why the carbon atom allows for diversity in molecule shape
8. Know the four macromolecules: carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
a) the elements that make up each type of macromolecule )
b) the monomer and some common polymers for each macromolecule
c) the function of each type of macromolecule
d) examples each type of macromolecules
9. Why is water a “polar” molecule? How does water form hydrogen bonds? Describe some properties of water.
10. What is an enzyme? Why are they important in living things? How do they work? What factors affect the rate
of enzyme action?
CHAPTER 7 – Cell Structure and Function
Terms to know: Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, passive/active transport
11. What is the cell theory? Why are all cells small (SA/V
ratio)?
12. Know the major parts of the cell (nucleus, cytoplasm,
ribosome, Golgi body, ER, lysosome, mitochondria,
chloroplast), their functions, and what type of cell they
are found in (animal, plant, prokaryotic).
13. What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
14. What is the organization of cells in multicellular organisms? (cells  tissues . . . )
15. Which molecules make up the cell membrane? (phospholipid
bilayer and proteins) What does it mean to be selectively
permeable?
16. Be able to explain how materials move across the cell membrane.
What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion, between
active and passive transport? When are membrane proteins used? When is cell energy needed?
17. What is a concentration gradient? What makes a solution hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic and what
happens to cells in these solutions? (Do they lose water or gain water?)
CHAPTER 8 – Photosynthesis
Terms to know: ATP, heterotroph, autotroph, pigments, thylakoids, stroma, light reactions, light-independent
reactions
18. Know the structure of ATP. How does ATP provide energy in a cell?
19. Where is energy stored in a molecule of ATP
20. Name the major plant pigments and their function, what happens when light is absorbed.
21. Know why leaves are green
22. Know the basic reactants and products for photosynthesis. CO2 + H2O  glucose + O2 (REVERSE for
cell respiration)
23. Know the basics of the two sets of reactions (first converts light energy to chemical energy ATP, second
makes glucose)
CHAPTER 9 – Cellular Respiration
Terms to know: aerobic, anaerobic, mitochondria, matrix, inner membrane.
24. Know the basic differences between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
25. Where in the cell and where in the mitochondrion does each stage of respiration take place?
26. Know the general equation, and sequence of stages (glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, electron transport chain).
27. Know the basics of fermentation, organisms that can do it. What happens when muscles do this?
28. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interrelated?
CHAPTER 10 – Cell Growth and Division
Terms to know: asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction,
chromosomes, chromatin, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, chromatid,
centromeres, centrioles, cell plate, homologous chromosomes, diploid,
haploid, crossing-over, zygote, sister chromatids
29. Know the phases of the Cell Cycle. What happens inside a cell
when it divides in two? When does DNA replicate?
30. Know the different purposes of mitosis and meiosis. Be able to recognize a diagram of each process.
31. How does meiosis reduce the chromosome number and why is this important for sexual reproduction?
What are gametes?
32. What are some cells that divide often? Some that do not? How do cancer cells differ from other cells?
33. What is nondisjunction, trisomy? ( Down Syndrome is trisomy #21) Be able to interpret a karyotype for
gender and trisomy.
CHAPTER 11 – Introduction to Genetics
Terms to know: genetics, fertilization, trait, hybrids, genes, alleles, test cross, segregation, gametes,
probability, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, Punnett square,
34. Who is the father of genetics? Which organism did he use for his studies
and why? Know his three laws of inheritance.
35. Know dominant/recessive traits, incomplete dominance, codominance
36. Be able to do genetic crosses of all types: monohybrids, incomplete
dominance, codominance. Use phenotype and genotype ratios.
CHAPTER 14 – Human Heredity
Terms to know: karyotype, sex chromosomes, autosomes, sex-linked genes,
nondisjunction, pedigree,
31. Be able to identify gender and find an abnormality on a karyotype.
32. Be able to look at a pedigree and determine inheritance pattern and
the genotypes and phenotypes of the family members.
33. Understand X-linked traits. Why is it more likely for a boy to have an
x-linked disorder than a girl?
34. Know some genetic disorders: Down Syndrome, hemophilia,
colorblindness, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Huntingtons.
CHAPTER 12 and 13 – DNA and RNA
Terms to know: nucleotide, base pairing, replication, deoxyribose, ribose,
35. Describe the shape of DNA. Know the bases which pair together.
36. What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
37. Know how to synthesize a protein from a strand of DNA and RNA
38. Protein transcription and translation
Evolution
Terms to Know: adaptation, homologous and analogous structures, adaptive radiation, convergent evolution,
coevolution, shared ancestry, genetic equilibrium
39. Know the major points of Darwin’s theory of natural selection
40. What did Darwin mean by “descent with modification”?
41. What kinds of evidence are used to determine ancestry?
42. How do new species arise? What role does environment play?