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HONORS BIOLOGY -- FINAL REVIEW 2014 CHAPTER 1 – Core Concepts in Biology Terms to know: Hypothesis, Variable, Control, Metabolism, Synthesis, Excretion, Circulation, Nutrition, Transport, Homeostasis, Independent and Dependent Variables 1. What is the organization in the biosphere? What cycles and what goes one-way? 2. Identify traits of living things and the life processes. 3. How does natural selection explain evolution? CHAPTERS 2 & 3– The Chemistry of Life Terms to know: Atomic structure, covalent bond, ionic bond, hydrogen bond, peptide bond, chemical equations, products, reactants, isotopes, hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, cohesion, adhesion, pH scale, monomer, polymer, organic and inorganic compounds, carbon atom 4. For each of the macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), know the following: -the elements that make up each type of macromolecule -the monomer for each macromolecule -the function of each macromolecule -examples each type of macromolecules 5. Describe hydrogen bonding between water molecules. 6. List some properties of water -- which properties result from cohesion and which from adhesion? 7. What is an enzyme? Why are they important in living things? How do they work? What factors affect the rate of enzyme action? CHAPTERS 4 & 5 – Cell Structure and Function Terms to know: Eukaryotic, prokaryotic, concentration gradient, diffusion, osmosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, endocytosis, exocytosis 8. What is the cell theory? Why are all cells small (SA/V ratio)? 9. Describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer). What makes up the cell membrane? What does it mean to be selectively permeable? 10. What are the levels organization in multicellular organisms? 11. Know the parts of the cell, their functions, and what type of cell they are found in (animal, plant, prokaryotic)? Recognize them on a diagram. What are the differences between plant and animal cells? 12. Be able to explain how materials move across the cell membrane. What is the difference between osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and passive transport? How are membrane proteins and ATP involved? 13. What makes a solution hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic and what happens to cells in these solutions? What is plasmolysis? Endo and exocytosis? 1 CHAPTER 7 – Photosynthesis Terms to know: heterotroph, autotroph, pigments, carbon-fixing 14. Know the function and structure of ATP. How does ATP provide energy to a cell? 15. What do pigments do in photosynthesis? 16. Know the balanced equation for phototosynthesis. Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur? CHAPTER 6 – Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Terms to know: aerobic, anaerobic, glycolysis, Krebs citric acid cycle, fermentation, phosphorylation, electron transport 17. Know the differences between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration (know the balanced equation, sequence of stages). 18. Where in the cell does aerobic respiration occur? Where does anaerobic respiration occur? 19. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? CHAPTER 8 – Cell Division Terms to know: asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, chromosomes, chromatin, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, chromatid, centrioles, stem cell, differentiation, homologous chromosomes, diploid, haploid, crossing-over, zygote, somatic cell, 20. Know the purpose of mitosis and meiosis and basic differences between them. CHAPTER 9 – Genetics and Human Heredity Terms to know: genetics, fertilization, trait, hybrids, genes, alleles, test cross, segregation, gametes, probability, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, Punnett square, independent assortment, karyotype, sex chromosomes, autosomes, sex-linked genes, nondisjunction, pedigree 21. Know dominant/recessive traits, independent assortment, incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic traits, and multiple alleles, sex-linkage 22. Be able to do any type of cross. Phenotype and genotype ratios. 23. What is a karyotype and how are they used? Be able to recognize an abnormality. 24. Be able to look at a pedigree and determine the type of inheritance, genotypes and phenotypes of the family members. 25. Know nondisjunction, trisomy, monosomy, translocation, deletion. 2 26. Understand x-linked traits. Why is it more likely for a boy to have an x-linked disorder? 27. Know the different human blood types. What are the possible genotypes for each blood type? 28. Know the disorders: Down’s Syndrome, Hemophilia, Colorblindness, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, Huntingtons. CHAPTER 10 and 11 – DNA and RNA Terms to know: nucleotide, base pairing, replication, deoxyribose, ribose, transcription, translation, codon, 29. Describe the structure of DNA. Know the base pairs in a DNA strand. 30. What are the differences between RNA and DNA? 31. How does DNA replicate? 32. How does mRNA form? 33. How is the DNA code used to make proteins? CHAPTER 15 – Classification Terms to know: taxa, phylogeny, cladogram, derived character, domain 34. What is the order of the classification groups? What is a species? 35. Know the 3 domains and the 6 kingdoms (prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, general characteristics, mode of nutrition, and some examples). CHAPTER 10, 16, and 24 – Viruses, Prokaryotes, and Immunity Terms to know: protein coat, retrovirus, binary fission, conjugation, cyanobacteria, endospore, extremophiles, pathogens, immunity, vaccine, antibiotics 36. Know the structure of viruses and bacteria; properties of bacteria 37. What is the difference between a lytic infection and a lysogenic infection? 38. Know some viral and bacterial diseases and the tissue or organs they affect, HIV 39. Describe how the immune system fights disease. 40. How do vaccines and antibiotics work? UNIT III – Evolution Terms to Know: adaptation, homologous and analogous structures 41. Know the major points of Darwin’s theory of natural selection. What does the term Darwin’s term for an organism’s “fitness” mean? 42. What types of evidence are used to determine ancestry? 43. How does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation in a species? 3 UNIT VI – Ecology Terms to Know: population, community, biotic and abiotic factors, habitat, niche, limiting factors, carrying capacity, symbiosis, food chain, food web, nutrient cycles, trophic levels, 44. What are the levels of organization in the biosphere? 45. What happens to population growth as carrying capacity is reached? 46. Can two species occupy the same niche? Explain. 47. Know how to determine the primary producers, and primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers in a food chain. 4