Download Honors Final Exam Review Guide 2014

HONORS BIOLOGY -- FINAL REVIEW 2014
CHAPTER 1 – Core Concepts in Biology
Terms to know: Hypothesis, Variable, Control, Metabolism, Synthesis, Excretion, Circulation, Nutrition,
Transport, Homeostasis, Independent and Dependent Variables
1. What is the organization in the biosphere? What cycles and what goes one-way?
2. Identify traits of living things and the life processes.
3. How does natural selection explain evolution?
CHAPTERS 2 & 3– The Chemistry of Life
Terms to know: Atomic structure, covalent bond, ionic bond, hydrogen bond, peptide
bond, chemical equations, products, reactants, isotopes, hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, cohesion,
adhesion, pH scale, monomer, polymer, organic and inorganic compounds, carbon atom
4. For each of the macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids), know the following:
-the elements that make up each type of macromolecule
-the monomer for each macromolecule
-the function of each macromolecule
-examples each type of macromolecules
5. Describe hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
6. List some properties of water -- which properties result from cohesion and which from adhesion?
7. What is an enzyme? Why are they important in living things? How do they work? What factors
affect the rate of enzyme action?
CHAPTERS 4 & 5 – Cell Structure and Function
Terms to know: Eukaryotic, prokaryotic, concentration gradient, diffusion, osmosis, hypertonic,
hypotonic, endocytosis, exocytosis
8. What is the cell theory? Why are all cells small (SA/V ratio)?
9. Describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
(phospholipid bilayer). What makes up the cell membrane?
What does it mean to be selectively permeable?
10. What are the levels organization in multicellular organisms?
11. Know the parts of the cell, their functions, and what type of
cell they are found in (animal, plant, prokaryotic)? Recognize
them on a diagram. What are the differences between plant
and animal cells?
12. Be able to explain how materials move across the cell membrane. What is the difference between
osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and passive transport? How are
membrane proteins and ATP involved?
13. What makes a solution hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic and what happens to cells in these
solutions? What is plasmolysis? Endo and exocytosis?
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CHAPTER 7 – Photosynthesis
Terms to know: heterotroph, autotroph, pigments, carbon-fixing
14. Know the function and structure of ATP. How does ATP provide energy to a cell?
15. What do pigments do in photosynthesis?
16. Know the balanced equation for phototosynthesis. Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur?
CHAPTER 6 – Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Terms to know: aerobic, anaerobic, glycolysis, Krebs citric acid cycle, fermentation, phosphorylation,
electron transport
17. Know the differences between aerobic and anaerobic cellular
respiration (know the balanced equation, sequence of stages).
18. Where in the cell does aerobic respiration occur? Where does
anaerobic respiration occur?
19. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular
respiration?
CHAPTER 8 – Cell Division
Terms to know: asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, chromosomes, chromatin, interphase,
mitosis, cytokinesis, chromatid, centrioles, stem cell, differentiation, homologous chromosomes, diploid,
haploid, crossing-over, zygote, somatic cell,
20. Know the purpose of mitosis and meiosis and basic differences between them.
CHAPTER 9 – Genetics and Human Heredity
Terms to know: genetics, fertilization, trait, hybrids, genes, alleles, test cross, segregation, gametes,
probability, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, Punnett square,
independent assortment, karyotype, sex chromosomes, autosomes, sex-linked
genes, nondisjunction, pedigree
21. Know dominant/recessive traits, independent assortment, incomplete
dominance, codominance, polygenic traits, and multiple alleles, sex-linkage
22. Be able to do any type of cross. Phenotype and genotype ratios.
23. What is a karyotype and how are they
used? Be able to recognize an
abnormality.
24. Be able to look at a pedigree and determine the type of
inheritance, genotypes and phenotypes of the family
members.
25. Know nondisjunction, trisomy, monosomy, translocation,
deletion.
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26. Understand x-linked traits. Why is it more likely for a boy to have an x-linked disorder?
27. Know the different human blood types. What are the possible genotypes for each blood type?
28. Know the disorders: Down’s Syndrome, Hemophilia, Colorblindness, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell
anemia, Huntingtons.
CHAPTER 10 and 11 – DNA and RNA
Terms to know: nucleotide, base pairing, replication, deoxyribose, ribose,
transcription, translation, codon,
29. Describe the structure of DNA. Know the base pairs in a DNA strand.
30. What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
31. How does DNA replicate?
32. How does mRNA form?
33. How is the DNA code used to make proteins?
CHAPTER 15 – Classification
Terms to know: taxa, phylogeny, cladogram, derived character, domain
34. What is the order of the classification
groups? What is a species?
35. Know the 3 domains and the 6 kingdoms
(prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or
multicellular, general characteristics,
mode of nutrition, and some examples).
CHAPTER 10, 16, and 24 – Viruses, Prokaryotes, and Immunity
Terms to know: protein coat, retrovirus, binary fission, conjugation, cyanobacteria, endospore,
extremophiles, pathogens, immunity, vaccine, antibiotics
36. Know the structure of viruses and bacteria; properties of bacteria
37. What is the difference between a lytic infection and a lysogenic infection?
38. Know some viral and bacterial diseases and the tissue or
organs they affect, HIV
39. Describe how the immune system fights disease.
40. How do vaccines and antibiotics work?
UNIT III – Evolution
Terms to Know: adaptation, homologous and analogous structures
41. Know the major points of Darwin’s theory of natural selection. What does
the term Darwin’s term for an organism’s “fitness” mean?
42. What types of evidence are used to determine ancestry?
43. How does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation in a species?
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UNIT VI – Ecology
Terms to Know: population, community, biotic and abiotic factors, habitat,
niche, limiting factors, carrying capacity, symbiosis, food chain, food web,
nutrient cycles, trophic levels,
44. What are the levels of organization in the biosphere?
45. What happens to population growth as carrying capacity is reached?
46. Can two species occupy the same niche? Explain.
47. Know how to determine the primary producers, and primary,
secondary, and tertiary consumers in a food chain.
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