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Final Exam – Study Guide Biology 20 Producers, decomposers, consumers, monocultures Different levels of consumers (primary, tertiary, secondary) Autotrophs, chemiotrophs, heterotrophs Carnivore, herbivore, detritivore, omnivore Food chain, food web What do fertilizers contain Albedo effect Atmospheric composition What does denitrifying bacteria do What does phosphorus do for living organisms Characteristics of different Canadian biomes Littoral, limnetic, and profundal zones (what happens in these different areas of lakes) Biome that has the least biodiversity (rhymes with “fundra”) Factors that affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems If temperature and growing seasons are similar, what other factor influences plant growth Carrying capacity, ecological niche, biotic potential Indicators of water quality what two classifications are used for binomial nomenclature Two major points of Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Why does geographic isolation lead to unique species Understand genetic variability and how it can lead to survival advantages Understand how stable environments can lead to organisms surviving without many evolutionary changes Allopatric speciation, vestigial feature, homologous and analogous features,phylogeny What makes a mutation successful, and the three different types of mutations In genetic variation, how do sexual and asexual reproduction differ Artificial and natural selection Which colour has the shortest wavelength, which has the longest Difference between light reactions and dark reactions What happens during photolysis Products of photosynthesis Products of light dependant reactions What is the first step in aerobic and anaerobic respiration What is the theoretical percentage of energy we get out of glucose In aerobic respiration where is most of the energy produced (which step?) Why is aerobic respiration better than anaerobic What happens and what moves during chemiosmosis What is found in the digestive fluids of the stomach Which lipoprotein has been linked to atherosclerosis Liver functions What does the gall bladder help to breakdown? Why are bicarbonate ions important in digestion What do carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins get broken down into What do enzymes do to the activation energy of certain chemical processes Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis Elements that make up amino acids How does pressure influence where gases diffuse to What do all respiratory disorders affect How does oxygen travel through the blood stream What are the three basic types of muscles How does the medulla oblongata respond when it detects high levels of carbon dioxide How many chambers does our heart have and what are they called Which pathway does blood take once it reaches your heart What is the sinoatrial node, and what else is it called sometimes QRS wave signifies what Where is the blood pressure the highest in your body What do lymph nodes do Why is coronary artery so important, and what does it have to do with heart attacks What affects the cardiac output Where are white blood cells produced Phagocytosis, erythrocytes, fibrin, fibrinogen, anemia How does the immune response change when the body is infected with a virus for the second time Why do transplanted organs cause such difficulties for patients What is blood composed of What does a red blood cells look like What happens in the nephrons (rhymes with miltration) How does urine get from the kidneys to the toilet What is deamination What is in your urine when you have diabetes mellitus Why do ADH levels change What are the three distinct layers of the kidney