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HONORS BIOLOGY -- FINAL REVIEW 2012
CHAPTER 1 – Core Concepts in Biology
Terms to know: Hypothesis, Variable, Control, Metabolism, Synthesis, Excretion,
Circulation, Nutrition, Transport, Homeostasis, Independent and Dependent Variables,
Theory
1. What is the organization in the biosphere? What cycles and what goes one-way?
2. Identify traits of living things and the life processes.
3. How does natural selection explain evolution?
CHAPTERS 2 & 3– The Chemistry of Life
Terms to know: Atomic structure, electron energy levels, covalent bond, ionic bond, atomic number, atomic
mass, hydrogen bond, peptide bond, Chemical equations, products, reactants, Isotopes, Isomers, Ion, Mixture,
Solvent, Solute, Solution, Suspension, Colloid, Hydrolysis, Dehydration synthesis, Cohesion, Adhesion, pH
scale, monomer, polymer, organic and inorganic compounds, carbon atom
4. For each of the macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids), know the following:
-the elements that make up each type of macromolecule (including ratio
for carbs)
-the monomer for each macromolecule
-the function of each macromolecule
-examples each type of macromolecules
-basic structure of each macromolecule (the “parts” that make up each
of the macromolecule and how they link together)
5. What are the differences between acids and bases? What does the pH scale measure?
6. What is the polar nature of water, hydrogen bonding, some properties of water, which properties result
from cohesion and which from adhesion?
7. What is an enzyme? Why are they important in living things? How do they work? What factors affect
the rate of enzyme action?
CHAPTERS 4 & 5 – Cell Structure and Function
Terms to know: Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, nucleoid, plasmid, diffusion, osmosis,
hypertonic, hypotonic
8. Know how to use a compound microscope, how to find the
total magnification, uses for the different types of
microscopes.
9. What is the cell theory? Who helped us form it? Why are all
cells small?
10. Describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
(phospholipid bilayer). What makes up the cell membrane?
What does it mean to be selectively permeable?
11. What is the organization of cells in multicellular organisms?
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12. Know the parts of the cell, their functions, and what type of cell they are found in (animal, plant,
prokaryotic)? Recognize them on a diagram. What are the differences between plant and animal
cells?
13. Be able to explain how materials move across the cell membrane. What is the difference between
osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and passive transport? How are membrane
proteins and ATP involved?
14. What is a concentration gradient? What makes a solution hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic and what
happens to cells in these solutions? What is plasmolysis? Endo and exocytosis?
CHAPTER 7 – Photosynthesis
Terms to know: photon, heterotroph, autotroph, pigments, thylakoids, stroma, grana, carbon-fixing
15. Know the function and structure of ATP. How does ATP provide energy to a cell?
16. What is the difference between a photoautotroph, a chemoautotroph, and a heterotroph?
17. Name the major plant pigments and the colors they
appear to us.
18. Know the balanced equation for phototosynthesis. Know
the two main stages of Photosynthesis. Know the
reactants and products for each of the stages of
photosynthesis. Where, in the chloroplast, does each
stage of photosynthesis takes place?
19. Know the structure of the leaf. Be able to label the parts
of a leaf. Know the functions of each part of the leaf.
CHAPTER 6 – Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Terms to know: aerobic, anaerobic, glycolysis, NAD+, Krebs
citric acid cycle, matrix, FAD, fermentation, oxidation, reduction, phosphorylation, electron transport
20. Know the differences between aerobic and anaerobic cellular
respiration (know the balanced equation, reactants and products of
each stage, energy yield). Where in the cell, and in the
mitochondrion, does each stage take place?
21. Know the difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic
fermentation. Know the organisms that perform these two different
types of fermentation.
22. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
CHAPTER 8 – Cell Division
Terms to know: asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, chromosomes, chromatin, interphase, mitosis,
cytokinesis, chromatid, centromere, centrioles, cell plate, cleavage furrow, budding, binary fission,
regeneration, stem cell, differentiation, homologous chromosomes, diploid, haploid, crossing-over, tetrad,
zygote, somatic cell, oogenesis, spermatogenesis
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23. Know the stages of the Cell Cycle, including parts of Interphase.
Describe what is occurring in each phase of the cell cycle.
24. Know the different phases of mitosis and meiosis. Be able to
recognize a diagram or cell micrograph of each phase.
25. How do mitosis and meiosis differ? How do sperm and egg differ?
26. How do cancer cells differ from other cells? What are stem cells?
CHAPTER 9 – Genetics and Human Heredity
Terms to know: genetics, fertilization, trait, hybrids, genes, alleles, test
cross, segregation, gametes, probability, homozygous, heterozygous,
phenotype, genotype, Punnett square, independent assortment,
karyotype, sex chromosomes, autosomes, sex-linked
genes, nondisjunction, pedigree, amniocentesis, gene linkage
27. Know some facts about Mendel, the father of genetics?
28. What are the female and male reproductive structures of a flower?
29. Know dominant/recessive traits, incomplete dominance, codominance,
polygenic traits, and multiple alleles, sex-linkage
30. Be able to do any type of cross. Phenotype and genotype ratios.
31. What is a karyotype and how are they used? Be able to recognize an
abnormality.
32. Be able to look at a pedigree and determine the type of inheritance,
genotypes and phenotypes of the family members.
33. Know nondisjunction, trisomy, monosomy, translocation,
deletion.
34. Understand x-linked traits. Why is it more likely for a boy to
have an x-linked disorder?
35. Know the different human blood types. What are the possible
genotypes for each blood type?
36. Know the disorders: Down’s Syndrome, Hemophilia,
Colorblindness, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia,
Huntingtons.
CHAPTER 10 and 11 – DNA and RNA
Terms to know: bacteriophage, nucleotide, base pairing, replication, deoxyribose,
ribose, transcription, translation, codon, polymerase
37. Describe the structure of DNA. Know the base pairs in a DNA strand.
38. What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
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39. How does DNA replicate?
40. How does mRNA form? How does it carry a DNA message?
41. How is the DNA code used to make proteins?
CHAPTER 15 – Classification
Terms to know: binomial nomenclature, systematics, taxa, phylogeny, clade, cladogram, derived character,
domain
42. Who is the father of classification?
43. What is the order of the classification
groups? What is a species?
44. What is used to determines how organisms
are classified?
45. Know the 3 domains and the 6 kingdoms
(prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or
multicellular, general characteristics, mode
of nutrition, and some examples).
CHAPTER 10, 16, and 24 – Viruses,Prokaryotes, and Immunity
Terms to know: capsid, bacteriophage, retrovirus, binary fission, conjugation, cyanobacteria, endospore,
extremophiles, pathogens, immunity, vaccine, antibiotics, emerging disease, prions,
46. Know the structure of viruses and bacteria; shapes of bacteria
47. What is the difference between a lytic infection and a lysogenic
infection?
48. Know some viral and bacterial diseases and the tissue or
organs they affect
49. List some ways prokaryotes are helpful.
50. Describe how the immune system fights disease.
51. How do vaccines and antibiotics work?
UNIT III – Evolution
Terms to Know: adaptation, homologous and analogous structures,
adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, coevolution, genetic equilibrium
52. Know the major points of Darwin’s theory of natural selection
53. How do the evolutionary models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium differ?
54. How do new species arise? How does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation in a species?
55. What do we think early earth was like and how might life have started?
UNIT VI – Ecology
Terms to Know: population, community, biotic and abiotic factors, habitat, niche, limiting factors, carrying
capacity, symbiosis, food chain, food web, nutrient cycles, trophic levels, ecological succession
56. How can different species occupy the same habitat?
57. What is an energy pyramid and why must producers be the most abundant?
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