Download bioscience – 2nd semester final exam study guide – spring 2013

BIOSCIENCE – 2ND SEMESTER FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE – SPRING 2013
CHAPTER 8: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 ATP
 Autotroph
 Heterotroph
 ADP
 NADPH
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Photosynthesis
Pigment
Chlorophyll
Thylakoid
Grana
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Stroma
Calvin cycle
Light-dependent reaction
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Chromatin
Sister chromatids
Centromere
Centriole
Cell plate
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F1
F2
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Genotype
Phenotype
Punnett square
1. Write the balanced equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
2. Describe the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
CHAPTER 9: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 Glycolysis
 Krebs cycle
 Electron transport
 Calorie
 Lactic acid fermentation
 Alcoholic fermentation
 NADH
1. Describe the steps of cellular respiration.
2. What’s the difference between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation?
CHAPTER 10: CELL GROWTH & DIVISION
 Interphase
 Replication
 Prophase
 Cell cycle
 Metaphase
 Mitosis
 Anaphase
 S phase
 Telophase
 G1 phase
 Cytokinesis
 G2 phase
1. Describe the stages of the cell cycle in detail. Identify diagrams.
CHAPTER 11: INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS
 Haploid
 Trait
 Meiosis
 Heredity
 Fertilization
 Purebred
 Homologous pair
 Hybrid
 Diploid
 Genes
 Variation
 Alleles
 Crossing over
 Dominant allele
 Genetics
 Recessive allele
1. Identify stages of meiosis, with diagrams.
2. Solve Punnett square problems
CHAPTER 12: DNA & RNA
 DNA
 Double helix
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Adenine
Guanine
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Cytosine
Guanine
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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Nitrogen base
Deoxyribose
Phosphate group
Replication
Complementary bases
mRNA
tRNA
codon
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anticodon
mutation
Describe and label the parts of a DNA molecule. How does DNA replicate?
Describe the steps of protein synthesis. Be able to use the codon chart.
Describe the differences between DNA & RNA.
How do you find the complementary DNA strand for: AAGGTACCATTCC?
CHAPTER 14: THE HUMAN GENOME
 Karyotype
 Sex chromosome
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Autosome
Down Syndrome
1. Solve pedigree problems
2. Explain the parts of a karyotype
CHAPTER 15: DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
 Evolution
 Gradualism
 Variation
 Punctuated equilibrium
 Species
 Embryology
 Homologous structures
 Vestigial structures
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Fossil
Adaptation
Survival of the fittest
Natural selection
1. Compare Lamarck’s theory with Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection. Which theory is right?
2. What are the five evidences that support evolution? Describe each type of evidence.
CHAPTER 16: EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS
 Geologic time scale
 Mesozoic era
 Precambrian time
 Cenozoic era
 Paleozoic era
 Mass extinction
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Half life
Radioactive dating
Relative dating
1. Be able to describe major events happening in each era
CHAPTER 19: BACTERIA & VIRUSES
 Prion
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 Viroid
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 Retrovirus
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 Lysogenic cycle
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 Lytic cycle
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 Binary fission
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Conjugation
Bacteriophage
Prokaryote
Aerobes
Anaerobes
Endospore
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Capsid
Pathogen
Vaccine
Autotroph
Heterotroph
1. What are the differences between a virus and a bacterium?
2. Describe the replication cycles of viruses. How does the lytic cycle differ from the lysogenic one?
3. What are 2 types of infectious agents simpler than viruses? How are they different from viruses?
4. How do bacteria reproduce? How do you classify bacteria? Explain in detail.
CHAPTER 35: NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Neuron
 Cell body
 Myelin
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Axon terminal
Action potential
Resting potential
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Dendrite
Nerve impulse
1. Explain the functions & components of all the organ systems in the body
2. Explain how a nerve impulse is transmitted.
CHAPTER 36 – SKELETAL, MUSCULAR AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS
 Smooth muscle
 Tendon
 Axial skeleton
 Skeletal muscle
 Actin
 Appendicular skeleton
 Cardiac muscle
 Myosin
 Ligament
 Cartilage
 Joint
 Bone marrow
 Acetylcholine
1. Explain how muscle contracts. What does it need?
2. Explain the 3 types of muscle & give examples of each. Where is each found?
CHAPTER 37 – RESPIRATORY & CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
 Artery
 Capillary
 Vein
 Alveoli
 Valve
 Atrium
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Ventricle
Diaphragm
1. Describe the path of blood into, through & out of the heart. Describe the parts of the heart.
2. Describe the path of oxygen as you inhale.
CHAPTER 38 - DIGESTIVE AND EXCRETORY SYSTEM
 Nephron
 Stomach
 Pepsin
 Bile
 Liver
 Ureter
 Pancreas
 Urethra
 Gall bladder
 Urea
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Uric acid
Urinary bladder
Esophagus
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
1. List the structures of the digestive system. What is the function of each organ or structure?
2. What are the functions of the digestive and the excretory systems?
3. What are the main organs of the excretory system and what are their functions?