Download Review for Final Spring 2011

Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Spring 2011
Biology Study Guide
For Final (50% accumulative)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Life on Earth
y Definitions: Biology adaptation living fossils extinct species biodiversity
y Discovery vs. hypothesis based science
y Qualitative vs quantitative data
y Scientific method (steps, difference between the steps)
y Fig 1-1 pg 3 (definitions)
y Theory vs hypothesis
y Scientific Principles one must follow to do science (3 things)
y Theory of Evolution (Darwin, Wallace); natural selection
y DNA and mutations and their role on evolution
y Three domains of life
y Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
y How to write a scientific name correctly
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life
y Definitions: atom, element, compound, molecule, isotopes, free radical,
antioxidants
y Subatomic particles (electrons neutrons protons)
o which is in the nucleus?
o # of electrons for each energy level
o which is + - neutral
y atomic # vs. atomic weight
y How to read the atomic # and mass on periodic table
y ionic covalent hydrogen bonds
y polarity (covalent bonds only)
y Properties of water (all 5)
y Cohesion vs. adhesion
y Solution solvent solute surface tension buffer pH acidic basic
hydrophobic hydrophilic
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
y Define: organic inorganic monomer polymer
y dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis
y carbohydrates (1C:2H:1O)
o monosaccharide (glucose fructose galactose)
o disaccharides (glucose + glucose = maltose; glucose + fructose =
sucrose; glucose + galactose = lactose)
o polysaccharides (examples: starch chitin cellulose glycogen)
o OH is polar = carbs are hydrophilic
y lipids:
o oils fats waxes; oil is unsaturated; fats are saturated. Why? Fats and
oils have 3 fatty acid chains and glycerol
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Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Spring 2011
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o phospholipid structure: 2 fatty acid chains 1 glycerol 1 phosphate
group. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic
o Steroid structures = 4 rings of carbon fused together
proteins:
o subunits are amino acids: 20 diff types
o One amino acid structure (chemical make up)
o Peptide bond
o Protein vs. polypeptide vs. peptide
o 4 levels of structure
o Enzymes are proteins
nucleic acid
o Structure: 5C sugar attached to N containing base & phosphate grp
o DNA vs. RNA (know structures & differences)
o ATP NADH NADPH FADH2 are nucleic acids
Chapter 4 The Cell
y Cell theory states…
y Light microscope, Electron microscope (SEM and TEM)
y Common features of cells (small in size plasma membrane cytoplasm
Cytosol DNA obtain energy/nutrients from environment)
y Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes differences?
y Fig of prokaryotic cell eukaryotic animal cell eukaryotic plant cell in book.
Be able to label parts (see pg 60, 61, & prokaryotic cell)
y Know functions of: cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm DNA
endoplasmic reticulum (ER; rough and smooth) Golgi complex lysosomes
mitochondria Nucleus ribosomes vacuole vesicles. (ReviewBIOFLIX)
y What is the path a molecule travels through the cell as it is synthesized?
(Nucleus Æ Æ all the way to plasma membrane and out the cell)
y Table 4-1 pg 62 is a good review table
Chapter 5 Cell Membrane
y Plasma membrane’s 3 functions; which part of the membrane does which?
y Fluid Mosaic Model
y phospholipids-which side is hydrophilic? hydrophobic? How do they arrange
in a bilayer? What determines how fluid? (Double bonds in FA chains)
y Hemotoxin - phospholipase
y Cholesterol’s functions in the plasma membrane
y Glycoproteins-what are they?
y 5 groups of proteins:
o receptor, recognition, enzymatic, transport (channel & carrier),
attachment
y diffusion vs osmosis
y passive diffusion
o simple diffusion
o facilitated diffusion
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Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Spring 2011
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o osmosis (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic) * know how to distinguish
between these if given an example
active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
water always goes from hypotonic to hypertonic
what type of transport is energy required for?
What is the diffusion of water called?
endocytosis & exocytosis (define; do they require energy?)
Water balance and vacuoles
Table 5-1 pg 83
Chapter 6 Energy Flow
y kinetic vs. potential energy (give examples of each)
y 2 laws of thermodynamics (quantity and quality of energy)
y Define: entropy, chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, metabolism
y reactant vs. product (which is which?)
y exergonic vs. endergonic reactions *if I give you an example, can you tell
which is which?
y what’s ATP? ADP? Which ones got more energy? Which one goes through an
exergonic reaction? Endergonic?
y Coupled reaction
y NADH, FADH2 function as ‘electron carriers’
y Define: enzymes catalyst active site coenzyme
y Lactose tolerance? Explain in terms of enzyme activity, disaccharides,
hydrolysis, and osmosis
Chapter 7 Photosynthesis
y Definition: photosynthesis, Autotrophs Producer
y Which came first: photosynthesis or cellular respiration? Explain
y General formula for photosynthesis (Endergonic or Exergonic?)
y leaf adaptations for photosynthesis (main organ of photosynthesis)
o capturing light, preventing water loss, gas exchange, thin, veins
y Stomata (singular stoma), guard cells, xylem, phloem
y Leaf cross section and all its parts (upper & lower epidermis, mesophyll, etc.)
y chloroplast and its parts: outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid,
granum, stroma
o Where in the chloroplast does the light/dark reaction take place?
y Photons, Pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids)
y General reaction of photosynthesis
y Light-dependent reaction (thylakoid)
o Sunlight & Water go in
o ATP, NADPH, and ½ O2 comes out
o 2 photosystems containing pigments
o 2 electron transport chains that carry electrons
o Water splits and O2 is released
y Light-independent reaction (stroma)
o NAPDH, ATP, CO2, and H2O go in
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o Glucose comes out (synthesized)
Fig that summarizes all of photosynthesis at one glance (check book)
Role of NADPH and ATP in photosynthesis (where do they come from?
Where do they go?)
Watch the Bioflix
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration
y General formula for cellular respiration (Endergonic or Exergonic?)
y Where does each reaction take place? (see your worksheet)
o Glycolysis
o Formation of acetyl CoA
o Krebs cycle
o Electron transport chain
o Fermentation
y Glycolysis splits sugar to make ATP & NADH
y Pyruvate from Glycolysis either enter the mitochondria (cellular respiration)
or stays in cytosol (one of the two types of fermentation)
y Fermentation: Alcohol vs. lactic acid
y Why would a cell do fermentation instead of cellular respiration?
y Aerobic vs anaerobic (oxygen)
y Parts of mitochondria : outer, inner membrane, matrix, intermembrane
compartment, cristae
y Role of NADH FADH2 and ATP in cellular respiration (what does each do?)
y Oxygen we breathe in goes into what reaction?
y CO2 we breathe out comes from what two reactions?
y Comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration:
o Where is glucose used or broken down (reactant)?
o Where is glucose made (product)?
o Where is CO2 used (reactant)?
o Where is CO2 made (product)?
o Where is O2 used (reactant)?
o Where is O2 made (product)?
y Watch the Bioflix on Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9 Cell Reproduction
y Define: Cell cycle, binary fission, mitosis, meiosis, gamete gamete
y Cells divide for: growth, development, asexual reproduction, gamete
formation (which is Mitosis? Meiosis?)
y homologous chromosomes vs. sister chromatids (make sure this makes sensethis makes the entire chapter!)
y What is a nucleotide? A chromosome?
y How many chromosomes do humans cells have? How many homologous
pairs? Diploid vs. haploid #s.
y define: chromosome, chromatin, centromere
y parts of the cell cycle
o G1 G2 S M
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Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Spring 2011
Which parts make up interphase?
mitosis: (I)PMAT (interphase is not part of division)
o sister chromatids separate
o start diploid (2n), end diploid (2n)
o all eukaryotic cells except for cells which make gametes
meiosis: two sets of division M1, M2
o MI: homologous chromosomes separate
o MII: chromatids separate
o How many cells form? Are they diploid or haploid? n or 2n?
o Cross-overs, independent assortment, formation of tetrads
Why does the gamete cell have to become haploid for the offspring to be
diploid? pre-requisite to sexual reproduction
A fertilized egg is called a zygote
o Is a zygote diploid or haploid?
o Will a zygote go through mitosis to grow? Meiosis to grow?
3 sources of genetic variability
What is a cancerous cell?
Watch Bioflix on Mitosis, Meiosis
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Chapter 10 Patterns of Inheritance
y Who was Mendel? Who was Morgan?
y Define: gene, locus, allele, character, phenotype, genotype, homozygous,
heterozygous, gamete, dominant, recessive
y Be able to make a punnett square using monohybrid, dihybrid, blood typing,
and sex-linked traits.
y Law of segregation; law of independent assortment define them & give ex.
y Types of genetics problems you should be able to do/define
o Multiple alleles
o Simple dominance
o Co-dominance
o Monohybrid Cross
o Polygenetic inheritance
o Dihybrid Cross
o Pleiotropy
o Linked genes
o Incomplete dominance
o Sex-linked
y Know how to get ‘gametes’ for your punnett square
y Non-disjunction (XXY, XYY, XO, XXX, Trisomy 21)
y Review the genetics packet I put on my website for practice. Answers are still
up by my office
Chapter 11 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
y Griffith’s Experiment: bacterial transformation (pg 202)
y DNA vs. Genes vs. Chromosomes
y Thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine; purine vs. pyrimidine
y Chargaff’s Rule
y Wilkins and Franklin: X-ray diffraction
y Structure of chromosomes
o double helix (anti-parallel – run opposite)
o complementary bases held w/ H- bonds; covalent between nucleotides
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o 5’ to 3’ what does this mean?
Watson and Crick
DNA replication
o Strands unwind (DNA helicase)
o Free bases are placed in front of templates (DNA polymerase
o Pieces are tied together (DNA ligase)
Types of mutations: nucleotide substitution, insertion, deletion, inversion,
translocation
Chapter 12 Gene Expression & Regulation
y Genes have info to make proteins; enzymes are proteins
y DNA Æ mRNA Æ Protein
y Where in the cell does each take place? (Fig on pg 222)
o Which is referring to transcription? Translation?
y 3 types of RNA and functions: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA (pg 219)
y Table 12-1 on pg 219
y What is transcription? What is translation? Where does each take place?
y 3 differences between DNA & RNA: sugar, T vs. U, double vs. single strand
y If I give you a DNA strand and the genetic code, be able to make proteins
y What is a codon? What is an anti-codon?
y Transcription- RNA polymerase does everything
y Translation- Need mRNA, rRNA (the enzyme), tRNA (with an amino acid on
each) to make proteins
y How many types of nucleotides exist in DNA? In RNA?
y What is an anticodon? What molecule is this found on?
y What does it mean by ‘transcription is selective’?
y Watch the Bioflix on Protein Synthesis
Chapter 13 Biotechnology
y Definitions: biotechnology, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA,
Transgenic, GMO
y Function of plasmids in biotechnology
y Transformation and biotechnology
y Forensic science and Short tendom repeats
y PCR, Gel electrophoresis; DNA fingerprint
y Be able to read a DNA fingerprint
y Some human uses of biotechnology (examples in food, medicine, etc)
y Cloned animals. How is it done? (pg 156-7)
y Embryonic vs. Adult stem cells. Explain the difference
y Ethical implications
Chapter 26 Population Growth & Regulation
y Define: ecology, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
y Biotic vs. abiotic
y Biotic potential vs. environmental resistance
y Be able to identify or define the following growth curves
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o J-curve (exponential growth)
o boom and bust cycle
o Logistic growth (s-curve)
Carrying capacity
interspecific vs. intraspecific competition
How do predators play a role in population size?
Density dependent vs. density independent factors
Island fox story
Human population curve
o What type is it?
o Why? (due to decrease in some environmental resistance)
Developing vs. developed countries & their contributions to population size
Have we reached the earth’s carrying capacity?
Chapter 27 Community Interaction
y Define: diversity, species richness, relative abundance
y What is Coevolution?
y What is a niche?
y What is resource (or niche) partitioning?
y Symbiosis: Mutualism, parasitism/predator, commensalisms, competition
y Types of predator/prey adaptation
o cryptic coloration, warning coloration, mimicry (Batesian, mullerian,
and startle coloration), chemical warfare
y Keystone species
y Invasive Exotic species
o How do they affect the ecosystem?
o Why do some exotic species take over a community?
o Cane Toad Exotic to Australia
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Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Spring 2011
Chapter 28 How does the ecosystem work?
y Define: Autotrophs, heterotrophs, producers, primary and secondary
consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritus feeder & decomposers
y trophic pyramid
o energy transfer is only 10% Why?
o Be able to tell me what trophic level an organism on a food chain is
y Food chain vs. food web
y Biological Magnification
y Nutrition Cycles
o carbon cycle, water cycle
y Eutrophication
y Acid deposition: what natural element’s cycle is over used? (S, N)
y Global warming
o greenhouse gasses (mostly carbon)
o name some things that emit greenhouse gasses
o evidence: warmer temperatures, melting of ice, extreme weathers,
ocean water expanding, sea level rising, growing season increasing,
wildlife is effected
y Main causes of biodiversity crisis
o Habitat destruction, Introduced species, overexploitation
y What can we do to help? Why should we care?
y What is Biophilia?
Chapter 29 Earth’s Diverse Ecosystem
• What is the difference between climate and weather?
• What is latitude? What things influence earth’s climate? Curvature, tilt,
oceans, mountains, continents
• What is a rainshadow? A biome? What is a biome defined by?
• What is desertification? What is a biological hotspot? What is permafrost?
• Know the following biome characteristics and a few human impacts
Tropical Rainforest
Tropical Deciduous Forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
Grassland (Prairie)
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Temperate Rain Forest
Taiga (N. Coniferous Forest)
Tundra
This is 50% of the final.
The other 50% is the new material
that we will cover until the end of the semester.
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