Carnitine-Metabolism and Functions
... uptake of carnitine must take place; this uptake, however, must occur with widely varying rates. Brooks and McIntosh (81) have shown that the turnover times for carnitine in kidney, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and brain in the and 220 h, respectively. Tissue distribution and uptake ...
... uptake of carnitine must take place; this uptake, however, must occur with widely varying rates. Brooks and McIntosh (81) have shown that the turnover times for carnitine in kidney, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and brain in the and 220 h, respectively. Tissue distribution and uptake ...
Biomimetic Reactions Catalyzed by Cyclodextrins and
... tetrahedral intermediate, and transition states that resemble it, are bound almost as deeply as was the substrate. This very large acceleration seems a better model for the effect of proximity, as in an enzyme-substrate complex. The substrates examined were rather rigid,84 which helps accelerate the ...
... tetrahedral intermediate, and transition states that resemble it, are bound almost as deeply as was the substrate. This very large acceleration seems a better model for the effect of proximity, as in an enzyme-substrate complex. The substrates examined were rather rigid,84 which helps accelerate the ...
Microbiology
... kidneys, and modest endogenous synthesis (Rebouche & Seim, 1998). Carnitine and acylcarnitines are primarily absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine, where they are actively transported into enterocytes and diffuse past the serosal membrane into the circulatory system so they can then be tran ...
... kidneys, and modest endogenous synthesis (Rebouche & Seim, 1998). Carnitine and acylcarnitines are primarily absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine, where they are actively transported into enterocytes and diffuse past the serosal membrane into the circulatory system so they can then be tran ...
Midazolam Oxidation by Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Active
... Domanski and Halpert 2001 and references therein). A sequence alignment with bacterial P450s of known structure was used to localize putative SRSs (Gotoh, 1992) within CYP3A4 (Szklarz and Halpert, 1997) based on a similar successful approach with P450 family 2 enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis, hom ...
... Domanski and Halpert 2001 and references therein). A sequence alignment with bacterial P450s of known structure was used to localize putative SRSs (Gotoh, 1992) within CYP3A4 (Szklarz and Halpert, 1997) based on a similar successful approach with P450 family 2 enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis, hom ...
CYP 2D6 Polymorphism
... stomach passage via the small intestine. In the liver, a series of metabolic transformation occurs. ...
... stomach passage via the small intestine. In the liver, a series of metabolic transformation occurs. ...
EFFECTS OF BIOREACTOR OPERATION PARAMETERS ON
... 2.1 International classification of enzymes ................................................... 7 2.2 Summary of batch cell growth............................................................. 17 2.3 Definition of yield coefficients.............................................................. 19 2.4 ...
... 2.1 International classification of enzymes ................................................... 7 2.2 Summary of batch cell growth............................................................. 17 2.3 Definition of yield coefficients.............................................................. 19 2.4 ...
Synthesis of Heme
... Fe++ is added to protoporphyrin IX via Ferrocheletase, a homodimeric enzyme containing 2 iron-sulfur clusters. A conserved active site His, along with a chain of anionic residues, may conduct released protons away, as Fe++ binds from the other side of the porphyrin ring, to yield heme. ...
... Fe++ is added to protoporphyrin IX via Ferrocheletase, a homodimeric enzyme containing 2 iron-sulfur clusters. A conserved active site His, along with a chain of anionic residues, may conduct released protons away, as Fe++ binds from the other side of the porphyrin ring, to yield heme. ...
An investigation of protective formulations containing
... inhibitors, as for example ibuprofen (COX-‐inhibitor). shown as a function of reaction coordinate The activity can also be affected by temperature, chemical environment as for example pH and the co ...
... inhibitors, as for example ibuprofen (COX-‐inhibitor). shown as a function of reaction coordinate The activity can also be affected by temperature, chemical environment as for example pH and the co ...
Text S1: General Metabolism
... involved in regulation of both mutualism and pathogenesis factors in X. nematophila. It is not known if these systems are necessary for X. bovienii mutualism and pathogenesis, or if other regulatory systems, such as YhfKA, may perform analogous roles. In summary, both X. nematophila and X. bovienii ...
... involved in regulation of both mutualism and pathogenesis factors in X. nematophila. It is not known if these systems are necessary for X. bovienii mutualism and pathogenesis, or if other regulatory systems, such as YhfKA, may perform analogous roles. In summary, both X. nematophila and X. bovienii ...
Riboflavin (Vitamin B )
... Riboflavin is instrumental in cell respiration, helping each cell utilize oxygen most efficiently. FMN & FAD operate in pyridine nucleotidedependent and independent dehydrogenations, reactions with sulfur-containing compounds, hydroxylation, oxidative decarboxylation, deoxygenation, and reduction of ...
... Riboflavin is instrumental in cell respiration, helping each cell utilize oxygen most efficiently. FMN & FAD operate in pyridine nucleotidedependent and independent dehydrogenations, reactions with sulfur-containing compounds, hydroxylation, oxidative decarboxylation, deoxygenation, and reduction of ...
Elucidating Flux Regulation of the Fermentation Modes of
... Christian has taught me numerous principles, skills and knowledge in practical as well as theoretical molecular biology and cellular metabolism. From the very first day he has helped me, a person without any previous experience in biological experiments, to survive in the lab. He always came up with ...
... Christian has taught me numerous principles, skills and knowledge in practical as well as theoretical molecular biology and cellular metabolism. From the very first day he has helped me, a person without any previous experience in biological experiments, to survive in the lab. He always came up with ...
Presentation part1-201210091211
... is preferentially distributed to the nursing mother's breast through increased expression of its carriers at the expense of the liver, because mother's milk is the only source of carnitine for the infant and is essential for the survival/growth of the baby. ...
... is preferentially distributed to the nursing mother's breast through increased expression of its carriers at the expense of the liver, because mother's milk is the only source of carnitine for the infant and is essential for the survival/growth of the baby. ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... product monoester (e.e.) becomes a function of the conversion of the reaction, and generally follows the curve shown in Fig. 2.2. Early stages of the reaction, the optical purity of the product is mainly determined by the selectivity (a) of the first reaction step, which constitutes an enantiotopos ...
... product monoester (e.e.) becomes a function of the conversion of the reaction, and generally follows the curve shown in Fig. 2.2. Early stages of the reaction, the optical purity of the product is mainly determined by the selectivity (a) of the first reaction step, which constitutes an enantiotopos ...
Evidence for Several Cysteine Transport Mechanisms in the
... specific general amino acid transporters that significantly transport cysteine only at these high concentrations (750 mM). In contrast to mitochondria, mitoplasts appear to show nonsaturable uptake of cysteine from 0 to 1,000 mM cysteine. The cysteine uptake of mitoplasts was almost indistinguishab ...
... specific general amino acid transporters that significantly transport cysteine only at these high concentrations (750 mM). In contrast to mitochondria, mitoplasts appear to show nonsaturable uptake of cysteine from 0 to 1,000 mM cysteine. The cysteine uptake of mitoplasts was almost indistinguishab ...
Contribution of 13C-NMR spectroscopy to the elucidation of
... acid fermentation from sugars or fermentation products derived from sugars, two different pathways of propionate formation are known (Ng & Hamilton 1971; Schweiger & Buckel 1984; Leaver et al. 1955; Wood 1961; Tholozan et al. 1994). These are the so called methylmalonyl-CoA pathway and the acryloylC ...
... acid fermentation from sugars or fermentation products derived from sugars, two different pathways of propionate formation are known (Ng & Hamilton 1971; Schweiger & Buckel 1984; Leaver et al. 1955; Wood 1961; Tholozan et al. 1994). These are the so called methylmalonyl-CoA pathway and the acryloylC ...
7vВyВtvphy hБq purАvphy АrpuhБvЖАЖ Вs ЕrqИpЗvЙr
... in that the Oxidized Form has higher oxidation state than Reduced Form via electron donation. An oxidation or a reduction cannot occur in isolation. A redox reaction, i.e. a reaction with coupled oxidation and reduction, must necessarily involve two redox pairs. The redox potential is an electrochem ...
... in that the Oxidized Form has higher oxidation state than Reduced Form via electron donation. An oxidation or a reduction cannot occur in isolation. A redox reaction, i.e. a reaction with coupled oxidation and reduction, must necessarily involve two redox pairs. The redox potential is an electrochem ...
inclusion of a glycogen regulation mathematical model into a
... relating to metabolism. By obtaining a better understanding of metabolic processes, especially during transitional feeding periods, we will have a broader knowledge base from which to determine effective methods for controlling diabetes and obesity as well as other undesirable metabolic conditions. ...
... relating to metabolism. By obtaining a better understanding of metabolic processes, especially during transitional feeding periods, we will have a broader knowledge base from which to determine effective methods for controlling diabetes and obesity as well as other undesirable metabolic conditions. ...
Full-Text PDF
... prepared using this enzymatic polymerization. Since phosphorylase shows a loose specificity for the recognition of substrates, different sugar residues have been introduced to the non-reducing ends of maltooligosaccharides by phosphorylase-catalyzed glycosylations using analog substrates such as α-D ...
... prepared using this enzymatic polymerization. Since phosphorylase shows a loose specificity for the recognition of substrates, different sugar residues have been introduced to the non-reducing ends of maltooligosaccharides by phosphorylase-catalyzed glycosylations using analog substrates such as α-D ...
Hormone sensitive lipase: structure, function and
... acids (FFA). In addition, it has hydrolyzing activity against cholesterol esters. In this sight it is not remarkable that HSL is not only found in adipose tissue, but also in tissues that store cholesterol esters. In these tissues HSL plays a key role in the cholesterol metabolism. HSL is regulated ...
... acids (FFA). In addition, it has hydrolyzing activity against cholesterol esters. In this sight it is not remarkable that HSL is not only found in adipose tissue, but also in tissues that store cholesterol esters. In these tissues HSL plays a key role in the cholesterol metabolism. HSL is regulated ...
The role of homocysteine in endothelial dysfunction
... acids, and proteins [15,18,19,23,34]. An alternative hypothesis to that of a direct effect of reduced homocysteine on endothelial cell injury is that homocysteine is acting indirectly through its oxidation and the concomitant production of reactive oxygen species [7,24]. Under aerobic conditions (in ...
... acids, and proteins [15,18,19,23,34]. An alternative hypothesis to that of a direct effect of reduced homocysteine on endothelial cell injury is that homocysteine is acting indirectly through its oxidation and the concomitant production of reactive oxygen species [7,24]. Under aerobic conditions (in ...
The Handbook of Redox Biochemistry- ESA, Inc.
... underground areas such as oil pockets; the sources of springs; decaying teeth and gangrenous wounds; the colon; and inappropriately canned foods. Rather than using oxygen during respiration (they usually lack terminal cytochromes that transfer electrons to oxygen) they use other electron acceptors s ...
... underground areas such as oil pockets; the sources of springs; decaying teeth and gangrenous wounds; the colon; and inappropriately canned foods. Rather than using oxygen during respiration (they usually lack terminal cytochromes that transfer electrons to oxygen) they use other electron acceptors s ...
Characterization of the Two-Component, FAD-Dependent Monooxygenase SgcC That Requires Carrier Protein-Tethered
... similarities.17–19 The first class, or one-component monooxygenases, are single polypeptides that utilize FAD or FMN as a cofactor and require NADH or NADPH to initiate oxidation of substrates; thus, these monooxygenases have both flavin reductase and monooxygnease activity. The second class, or two ...
... similarities.17–19 The first class, or one-component monooxygenases, are single polypeptides that utilize FAD or FMN as a cofactor and require NADH or NADPH to initiate oxidation of substrates; thus, these monooxygenases have both flavin reductase and monooxygnease activity. The second class, or two ...
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
... formerly identified as Sites 23 and 55 in a western portion of the NAWS facility. Tanks consisted of one 550 gallon concrete oil/water separator (Site 23) installed in 1970 and operated until 1989 when it was removed and replaced, and a 500 gallon steel UST (Site 55) operated from the late 1950s to ...
... formerly identified as Sites 23 and 55 in a western portion of the NAWS facility. Tanks consisted of one 550 gallon concrete oil/water separator (Site 23) installed in 1970 and operated until 1989 when it was removed and replaced, and a 500 gallon steel UST (Site 55) operated from the late 1950s to ...
ATP– and ADP–DnaA protein, a molecular switch in gene regulation
... stoichiometry of 3.1 for ATP–DnaA protein and of 1.6:1 for ADP–DnaA, which makes sense in the context of the limitations explained before. A fragment containing ATP– DnaA box b and ATP–DnaA box c, but without DnaA boxes 1 and 2, did not show any binding of ATP– and ADP–DnaA protein. This indicates t ...
... stoichiometry of 3.1 for ATP–DnaA protein and of 1.6:1 for ADP–DnaA, which makes sense in the context of the limitations explained before. A fragment containing ATP– DnaA box b and ATP–DnaA box c, but without DnaA boxes 1 and 2, did not show any binding of ATP– and ADP–DnaA protein. This indicates t ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.