The Chemistry and Evolution of Enzyme Function
... without the support of collaborators, friends and family. First, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Janet M Thornton for giving me the opportunity to do research in her group. Janet’s guidance and encouragement have been a constant source of motivation for the delivery of this piece of work. ...
... without the support of collaborators, friends and family. First, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Janet M Thornton for giving me the opportunity to do research in her group. Janet’s guidance and encouragement have been a constant source of motivation for the delivery of this piece of work. ...
AMINO ACID OXIDATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF UREA
... cannot be stored. 3. During starvation or in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when carbohydrates are either unavailable or not properly utilized, cellular proteins are used as fuel. Under all these metabolic conditions, amino acids lose their amino groups to form -keto acids, the “carbon skeletons” ...
... cannot be stored. 3. During starvation or in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when carbohydrates are either unavailable or not properly utilized, cellular proteins are used as fuel. Under all these metabolic conditions, amino acids lose their amino groups to form -keto acids, the “carbon skeletons” ...
Membrane transporters in a human genome-scale
... biochemical transformations occurring in cells in a stoichiometrically accurate manner. These reactions are distributed over seven intracellular compartments (i.e., cytoplasm, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, peroxisome, and nucleus). In addition, Recon 1 includes a r ...
... biochemical transformations occurring in cells in a stoichiometrically accurate manner. These reactions are distributed over seven intracellular compartments (i.e., cytoplasm, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, peroxisome, and nucleus). In addition, Recon 1 includes a r ...
Conformational changes in actin–myosin isoforms probed by Ni(II
... which are able to induce protein cleavage and cross-linking reactions. Three different myosin motor domain isoforms in the presence of actin and nucleotides were treated with a library of Ni(II)tripeptide chelates and two reactivities were observed: (1) muscle motor domains were cross-linked to act ...
... which are able to induce protein cleavage and cross-linking reactions. Three different myosin motor domain isoforms in the presence of actin and nucleotides were treated with a library of Ni(II)tripeptide chelates and two reactivities were observed: (1) muscle motor domains were cross-linked to act ...
Biochemical characterization of the initial steps of the Kennedy
... Ethanolamine and choline are major components of the trypanosome membrane phospholipids, in the form of GPEtn (glycerophosphoethanolamine) and GPCho (glycerophosphocholine). Ethanolamine is also found as an integral component of the GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchor that is required for memb ...
... Ethanolamine and choline are major components of the trypanosome membrane phospholipids, in the form of GPEtn (glycerophosphoethanolamine) and GPCho (glycerophosphocholine). Ethanolamine is also found as an integral component of the GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchor that is required for memb ...
Full-Text PDF
... of specific cell types in the liver, testis, and brain. It is an electrogenic transporter with a Na+ :citrate3− stoichiometry of 4:1. In humans, the Michaelis constant for SLC13A5 to transport citrate is ~600 µM, which is physiologically relevant given that the normal concentration of citrate in pla ...
... of specific cell types in the liver, testis, and brain. It is an electrogenic transporter with a Na+ :citrate3− stoichiometry of 4:1. In humans, the Michaelis constant for SLC13A5 to transport citrate is ~600 µM, which is physiologically relevant given that the normal concentration of citrate in pla ...
Specific features of glycogen metabolism in the liver
... There are three mammalian glycogen phosphorylases, designated the ‘ muscle ’, ‘ brain ’ and ‘ liver ’ isoenzymes according to the tissue in which they are preferentially expressed (reviewed in [33,34]). They are homodimers of subunits of E 100 kDa and are encoded by different genes. All isoenzymes a ...
... There are three mammalian glycogen phosphorylases, designated the ‘ muscle ’, ‘ brain ’ and ‘ liver ’ isoenzymes according to the tissue in which they are preferentially expressed (reviewed in [33,34]). They are homodimers of subunits of E 100 kDa and are encoded by different genes. All isoenzymes a ...
Emerging technology for fermenting D-xylose
... D-xylose by C. tropicalis is similar in some ways to the Custers or Kluyver effects. As mentioned previously, this organism (along with several less well documented Candida species) will produce small amounts of ethanol from xylose under aerobic (or microaerobic) conditions, but it will not deprived ...
... D-xylose by C. tropicalis is similar in some ways to the Custers or Kluyver effects. As mentioned previously, this organism (along with several less well documented Candida species) will produce small amounts of ethanol from xylose under aerobic (or microaerobic) conditions, but it will not deprived ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... of physiologic importance are given below. Note, the carbon atoms are numbered, beginning with the carboxyl carbon as carbon 1. • The number before the colon indicates the number of carbons in the chain, and those after the colon indicate the numbers and positions of double bonds. E.g., arachidonic ...
... of physiologic importance are given below. Note, the carbon atoms are numbered, beginning with the carboxyl carbon as carbon 1. • The number before the colon indicates the number of carbons in the chain, and those after the colon indicate the numbers and positions of double bonds. E.g., arachidonic ...
Chapter 19 Slides
... – If O2 is available, NADH is re-oxidized in the electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is reoxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), providing additional NAD+ for more glycolysis Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
... – If O2 is available, NADH is re-oxidized in the electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is reoxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), providing additional NAD+ for more glycolysis Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
Karbohidrat Metabolizması
... – If O2 is available, NADH is re-oxidized in the electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is reoxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), providing additional NAD+ for more glycolysis Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
... – If O2 is available, NADH is re-oxidized in the electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is reoxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), providing additional NAD+ for more glycolysis Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
Disorders of mitochondrial function
... glucose enter the Krebs cycle at different sites, which are used therapeutically in some pre-Krebs cycle mitochondrial diseases [e.g. a high-fat, ketogenic diet in some cases of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency]. For simplicity, amino acids are not shown; different amino acids enter the Krebs ...
... glucose enter the Krebs cycle at different sites, which are used therapeutically in some pre-Krebs cycle mitochondrial diseases [e.g. a high-fat, ketogenic diet in some cases of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency]. For simplicity, amino acids are not shown; different amino acids enter the Krebs ...
Disorders of mitochondrial function
... glucose enter the Krebs cycle at different sites, which are used therapeutically in some pre-Krebs cycle mitochondrial diseases [e.g. a high-fat, ketogenic diet in some cases of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency]. For simplicity, amino acids are not shown; different amino acids enter the Krebs ...
... glucose enter the Krebs cycle at different sites, which are used therapeutically in some pre-Krebs cycle mitochondrial diseases [e.g. a high-fat, ketogenic diet in some cases of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency]. For simplicity, amino acids are not shown; different amino acids enter the Krebs ...
The Endogenous Citric Acid-Cycle Intermediates and Amino Acids
... 30 mesh) in the carbonate form was added to the extract. The tube was stoppered and shaken for 10 min. in a Microid flask shaker (Griffin and George Ltd.) operated at that the resin was completely susmaximum speed pended in the extract. After shaking, the resin suspension was centrifuged at 2000g fo ...
... 30 mesh) in the carbonate form was added to the extract. The tube was stoppered and shaken for 10 min. in a Microid flask shaker (Griffin and George Ltd.) operated at that the resin was completely susmaximum speed pended in the extract. After shaking, the resin suspension was centrifuged at 2000g fo ...
University of Groningen Operation of the purine nucleotide cycle in
... Embden et ad. (1928) demonstrated that ammonia production in homogenates of frog and rabbit muscle is not increased by addition of exogenous urea, but strongly stimulated upon addition of AMP, suggesting AMP to be the ammoniogenic substrate. Embden & Wassermeyer (1928) showed that the muscle extract ...
... Embden et ad. (1928) demonstrated that ammonia production in homogenates of frog and rabbit muscle is not increased by addition of exogenous urea, but strongly stimulated upon addition of AMP, suggesting AMP to be the ammoniogenic substrate. Embden & Wassermeyer (1928) showed that the muscle extract ...
Bio 1305--Modern Concepts of Bioscience
... 10. Write a summary equation for glycolysis and describe where it occurs in the cell 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how it links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle 12. Describe the location, and the molecules in and molecules out for the Krebs Cycl ...
... 10. Write a summary equation for glycolysis and describe where it occurs in the cell 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how it links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle 12. Describe the location, and the molecules in and molecules out for the Krebs Cycl ...
Interactions of TCA cycle enzymes and of the CcpA
... carbon sources and NADP . Excess of α-ketoglutarate can be applied to amino acid anabolism, since αketoglutarate is the precursor molecule of glutamate. No interaction was detected between Mdh and CitZ by SPR even in the presence of the corresponding metabolites. This result was surprising, because ...
... carbon sources and NADP . Excess of α-ketoglutarate can be applied to amino acid anabolism, since αketoglutarate is the precursor molecule of glutamate. No interaction was detected between Mdh and CitZ by SPR even in the presence of the corresponding metabolites. This result was surprising, because ...
Systems biology of inborn errors of metabolism
... was assembled for interrogation of 235 IEMs using this expanded network. IEMs are mainly treated by specific diet and medication. The impact of diet and IEMs on cellular metabolism was explored by manually building a metabolic network of small intestinal epithelial cells (sIEC), taking into account ...
... was assembled for interrogation of 235 IEMs using this expanded network. IEMs are mainly treated by specific diet and medication. The impact of diet and IEMs on cellular metabolism was explored by manually building a metabolic network of small intestinal epithelial cells (sIEC), taking into account ...
Unusual ADP-forming acetyl-coenzyme A synthetases from the
... H. marismortui was purified and characterized as a saltdependent, mesophilic ACD of homodimeric structure (166 kDa). The encoding gene was identified in the partially sequenced genome of H. marismortui and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was reactivated from inclusio ...
... H. marismortui was purified and characterized as a saltdependent, mesophilic ACD of homodimeric structure (166 kDa). The encoding gene was identified in the partially sequenced genome of H. marismortui and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was reactivated from inclusio ...
Lecture 33 - University of Arizona
... • Glycogen is a highly-branched polymer of glucose that can be quickly degraded to yield glucose-1P which is isomerized to glucose-6P. • Glycogen phosphorylase removes one glucose at a time from the nonreducing ends using inorganic phosphate (Pi). • Glycogen synthase adds glucose residues to nonredu ...
... • Glycogen is a highly-branched polymer of glucose that can be quickly degraded to yield glucose-1P which is isomerized to glucose-6P. • Glycogen phosphorylase removes one glucose at a time from the nonreducing ends using inorganic phosphate (Pi). • Glycogen synthase adds glucose residues to nonredu ...
A Mitochondrial Paradigm of Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases
... mononucleotide) and six Fe-S centers (designated with a cube); complex II (succinate: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) involving a FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), three Fe-S centers, and a cytochrome b; complex III (ubiquinol: cytochrome c oxidoreductase) encompassing cytochromes b, c1 and the Rieske Fe ...
... mononucleotide) and six Fe-S centers (designated with a cube); complex II (succinate: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) involving a FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), three Fe-S centers, and a cytochrome b; complex III (ubiquinol: cytochrome c oxidoreductase) encompassing cytochromes b, c1 and the Rieske Fe ...
Intestinal peptidases form functional complexes with the neutral
... where proteins are hydrolysed into small peptides (2–10 amino acids long) by intestinal proteases. Subsequent digestion occurs via the membrane-bound brush-border peptidases, which further hydrolyse small oligopeptides to produce di-/tri-peptides and single amino acids [3,4]. These digestion end-pro ...
... where proteins are hydrolysed into small peptides (2–10 amino acids long) by intestinal proteases. Subsequent digestion occurs via the membrane-bound brush-border peptidases, which further hydrolyse small oligopeptides to produce di-/tri-peptides and single amino acids [3,4]. These digestion end-pro ...
Glycogen
... (UDP-glucose) and pyrophosphate (PPi) - Subsequent hydrolysis of PPi to Pi by inorganic pyrophosphatase drives the reaction to completion by not only generating copious amounts of free energy (-33 kJ/mol) but also via shifting the equilibrium in the direction of UDP-glucose - UTP serves as the free ...
... (UDP-glucose) and pyrophosphate (PPi) - Subsequent hydrolysis of PPi to Pi by inorganic pyrophosphatase drives the reaction to completion by not only generating copious amounts of free energy (-33 kJ/mol) but also via shifting the equilibrium in the direction of UDP-glucose - UTP serves as the free ...
Balancing between respiration and fermentation - UvA-DARE
... Yeastt cells are confronted with drastic changes in the availability of nutrients in their environment.. They have developed specific regulatory systems to sense the presence, type and concentrationn of a carbon source in order to carry out the metabolic functions most appropriate too the situation ...
... Yeastt cells are confronted with drastic changes in the availability of nutrients in their environment.. They have developed specific regulatory systems to sense the presence, type and concentrationn of a carbon source in order to carry out the metabolic functions most appropriate too the situation ...
PDF - Geoff McFadden`s Lab
... dehydrogenase (GAPDH), with NAD(P)H produced as a by-product. The TPT could export 1,3-DPGA in exchange for import of another molecule of DHAP, thereby creating an electron shuttle (FIG. 4). An apicoplast GAPDH and a cytosolic GAPDH are both present in Toxoplasma gondii 31 but, curiously, only one G ...
... dehydrogenase (GAPDH), with NAD(P)H produced as a by-product. The TPT could export 1,3-DPGA in exchange for import of another molecule of DHAP, thereby creating an electron shuttle (FIG. 4). An apicoplast GAPDH and a cytosolic GAPDH are both present in Toxoplasma gondii 31 but, curiously, only one G ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.