Malo-ethanolic fermentation in Saccharomyces and
... operates as a proton-dicarboxylate symporter and that the proton motive force (DpH) is the driving force behind L-malic acid uptake (Camarasa et al. 2001; Osothsilp and Subden 1986b; Sousa et al. 1992). According to the pKa parameters for L-malic acid dissociation (pKa1=3.41, pKa2=5.1), the negative ...
... operates as a proton-dicarboxylate symporter and that the proton motive force (DpH) is the driving force behind L-malic acid uptake (Camarasa et al. 2001; Osothsilp and Subden 1986b; Sousa et al. 1992). According to the pKa parameters for L-malic acid dissociation (pKa1=3.41, pKa2=5.1), the negative ...
Mechanistic Studies of Two Selected Flavin
... Choline oxidase catalyzes the flavin-dependent, two-step oxidation of choline to glycine betaine via the formation of an aldehyde intermediate. The oxidation of choline includes two reductive half-reactions followed by oxidative half-reactions. In the first oxidation reaction, the alcohol substrate ...
... Choline oxidase catalyzes the flavin-dependent, two-step oxidation of choline to glycine betaine via the formation of an aldehyde intermediate. The oxidation of choline includes two reductive half-reactions followed by oxidative half-reactions. In the first oxidation reaction, the alcohol substrate ...
Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH
... exercise. Ward et al. (14) were the first to measure total PDH activity and PDH activation during exercise in human skeletal muscle, sampled from the vastus lateralis with the needle biopsy technique. They demonstrated that PDH activation increased during aerobic, sprint, and isometric exercise. Mor ...
... exercise. Ward et al. (14) were the first to measure total PDH activity and PDH activation during exercise in human skeletal muscle, sampled from the vastus lateralis with the needle biopsy technique. They demonstrated that PDH activation increased during aerobic, sprint, and isometric exercise. Mor ...
principles of metabolic regulation: glucose and glycogen
... glucosamine, galactose, galactosamine, fucose, and neuraminic acid, for use in protein glycosylation, or it may be partially degraded to provide acetyl-CoA for fatty acid and sterol synthesis. In the extreme case, the bacterium Escherichia coli can use glucose to produce the carbon skeleton of every ...
... glucosamine, galactose, galactosamine, fucose, and neuraminic acid, for use in protein glycosylation, or it may be partially degraded to provide acetyl-CoA for fatty acid and sterol synthesis. In the extreme case, the bacterium Escherichia coli can use glucose to produce the carbon skeleton of every ...
Structure, mechanism and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase
... Malic enzyme [EC 1.1.1.40 malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetatedecarboxylating) (NADP+ )] catalyses the NADPH production in both shuttles. As these two shuttles operate as cycles, the amount of NADPH produced is much higher than that obtained from the pentose phosphate pathway. Initially, it was estima ...
... Malic enzyme [EC 1.1.1.40 malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetatedecarboxylating) (NADP+ )] catalyses the NADPH production in both shuttles. As these two shuttles operate as cycles, the amount of NADPH produced is much higher than that obtained from the pentose phosphate pathway. Initially, it was estima ...
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases - Micro-Rao
... tetrapeptide chain of gram negative bacteria consists of L-lysine, D-glutamic acid, diaminopimelic acid and d-alanine (d-alanined-alanine). The side chain of one backbone is cross linked to the side chain of the other backbone by pentaglycine cross-bridges in gram positive bacteria. The diaminopimel ...
... tetrapeptide chain of gram negative bacteria consists of L-lysine, D-glutamic acid, diaminopimelic acid and d-alanine (d-alanined-alanine). The side chain of one backbone is cross linked to the side chain of the other backbone by pentaglycine cross-bridges in gram positive bacteria. The diaminopimel ...
Emerging role of Nrf2 - Discovery
... been disrupted (Nrf2-KO) [35]. This difference is particularly striking upon challenge with agents causing oxidative stress. Moreover, cells deficient in Nrf2 are much more sensitive to the toxicity of oxidants of various types and cannot be protected by Nrf2 inducers, which, under the same condition ...
... been disrupted (Nrf2-KO) [35]. This difference is particularly striking upon challenge with agents causing oxidative stress. Moreover, cells deficient in Nrf2 are much more sensitive to the toxicity of oxidants of various types and cannot be protected by Nrf2 inducers, which, under the same condition ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... synthesis of G6P in cells that are capable of gluconeogenesis. In peripheral mammalian tissues, pyruvate formed from glycolysis or amino acid catabolism must be transported to the liver before it can be used in glucose synthesis. The Cori cycle is one way of accomplishing this transfer by converting ...
... synthesis of G6P in cells that are capable of gluconeogenesis. In peripheral mammalian tissues, pyruvate formed from glycolysis or amino acid catabolism must be transported to the liver before it can be used in glucose synthesis. The Cori cycle is one way of accomplishing this transfer by converting ...
추가8
... Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P) is a complex process (reaction 6) Substrate oxidized after interaction with sulfhydryl Bound NADH exchanged for NAD+ Enzyme displaced by addition of inorganic phosphate ...
... Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P) is a complex process (reaction 6) Substrate oxidized after interaction with sulfhydryl Bound NADH exchanged for NAD+ Enzyme displaced by addition of inorganic phosphate ...
respiration
... At the end of the experiment, the liquid level in arm A rises and the liquid level in arm B falls. This is because the mouse releases heat which warms up the air in the test tube on the side where it is. The expansion of air inside the tube increases the pressure. This causes the liquid ...
... At the end of the experiment, the liquid level in arm A rises and the liquid level in arm B falls. This is because the mouse releases heat which warms up the air in the test tube on the side where it is. The expansion of air inside the tube increases the pressure. This causes the liquid ...
FAT/CD36 is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane
... supported respiration was 34 % lower in KO animals. In contrast, palmitoyl-CoA-supported respiration was unchanged. These results indicate that FAT/CD36 is key for palmitatesupported respiration. Therefore we propose a working model of mitochondrial fatty-acid transport, in which FAT/CD36 is positio ...
... supported respiration was 34 % lower in KO animals. In contrast, palmitoyl-CoA-supported respiration was unchanged. These results indicate that FAT/CD36 is key for palmitatesupported respiration. Therefore we propose a working model of mitochondrial fatty-acid transport, in which FAT/CD36 is positio ...
COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF CHARGE TRANSFER IN NUCLEOBASE-AROMATIC AMINO ACID COMPLEXES Cristina BUTCHOSA ROBLES
... Oxidative damage on DNA produces radical cation states. These states are also called electron ”holes”. Electron holes can migrate long distances through the nucleobases stack, due to conductivity properties of DNA. Finally, the cationic charge could be trapped and most probably a mutagenic lesion wi ...
... Oxidative damage on DNA produces radical cation states. These states are also called electron ”holes”. Electron holes can migrate long distances through the nucleobases stack, due to conductivity properties of DNA. Finally, the cationic charge could be trapped and most probably a mutagenic lesion wi ...
mineralization of chlorobenzene. of the meta
... P. putida GJ31 for growth on aromatic compounds, the presence of enzymes involved in the meta-, ortho-, and modified ortho-cleavage pathways was determined in crude extracts prepared from cells grown on toluene, chlorobenzene, benzene, benzoate, a mixture of toluene and chlorobenzene, succinate, or ...
... P. putida GJ31 for growth on aromatic compounds, the presence of enzymes involved in the meta-, ortho-, and modified ortho-cleavage pathways was determined in crude extracts prepared from cells grown on toluene, chlorobenzene, benzene, benzoate, a mixture of toluene and chlorobenzene, succinate, or ...
Microbial degradation of chloroaromatics Mars, Astrid E.
... 3-chlorocatechol, respectively, accumulated in the medium. To establish the catabolic routes for these catechols, activities of enzymes of the (modified) ortho- and meta-cleavage pathways were measured in crude extracts of cells of P. putida GJ31 grown on various aromatic substrates, including chlor ...
... 3-chlorocatechol, respectively, accumulated in the medium. To establish the catabolic routes for these catechols, activities of enzymes of the (modified) ortho- and meta-cleavage pathways were measured in crude extracts of cells of P. putida GJ31 grown on various aromatic substrates, including chlor ...
Mechanistic insights into the regulation of metabolic enzymes by
... Nearly all enzymes involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, fatty acid oxidation, the urea cycle, nitrogen metabolism, and glycogen metabolism are acetylated (Zhao et al., 2010). Enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and amino acid metabolism are abundantly acetylated as well. ...
... Nearly all enzymes involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, fatty acid oxidation, the urea cycle, nitrogen metabolism, and glycogen metabolism are acetylated (Zhao et al., 2010). Enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and amino acid metabolism are abundantly acetylated as well. ...
Distribution and phylogenies of enzymes of the Embden
... has gained wide acceptance, although it has detractors. However, even a putative RNA-based “organism” could have arisen only from a prebiotic chemical environment conducive to its existence (Poole et al. 1999). Although these theories and their associated predictions have done much to provide explan ...
... has gained wide acceptance, although it has detractors. However, even a putative RNA-based “organism” could have arisen only from a prebiotic chemical environment conducive to its existence (Poole et al. 1999). Although these theories and their associated predictions have done much to provide explan ...
Redox balances in the metabolism of sugars by yeasts
... cytoplasm. The fate of NADH in intermediary metabolism is much more complicated than that of NADPH. NADH is generated both in the cytosol (during glycolysis) and in the mitochondria (via TCA-cycle enzymes) (Fig. 2). In mammalian cells, various shuttle mechanisms are involved in the transport of redu ...
... cytoplasm. The fate of NADH in intermediary metabolism is much more complicated than that of NADPH. NADH is generated both in the cytosol (during glycolysis) and in the mitochondria (via TCA-cycle enzymes) (Fig. 2). In mammalian cells, various shuttle mechanisms are involved in the transport of redu ...
Redox balances in the metabolism of sugars by yeasts
... cytoplasm. The fate of NADH in intermediary metabolism is much more complicated than that of NADPH. NADH is generated both in the cytosol (during glycolysis) and in the mitochondria (via TCA-cycle enzymes) (Fig. 2). In mammalian cells, various shuttle mechanisms are involved in the transport of redu ...
... cytoplasm. The fate of NADH in intermediary metabolism is much more complicated than that of NADPH. NADH is generated both in the cytosol (during glycolysis) and in the mitochondria (via TCA-cycle enzymes) (Fig. 2). In mammalian cells, various shuttle mechanisms are involved in the transport of redu ...
Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, Third Edition
... that work. As discussed in section 5.1, the energy used in various activities can readily be measured, as can the metabolic energy yield of the foods that are the fuel for that work (see Table 1.1). This means that it is possible to calculate a balance between the intake of energy, as metabolic fuel ...
... that work. As discussed in section 5.1, the energy used in various activities can readily be measured, as can the metabolic energy yield of the foods that are the fuel for that work (see Table 1.1). This means that it is possible to calculate a balance between the intake of energy, as metabolic fuel ...
Role of the cytoskeleton in communication between L
... complexes I through to IV of the electron transport chain (ETC) by initially donating electrons to complex I.37,47 Electrons are also fed into the ETC via complex II due to the conversion of succinate to fumarate within the TCA cycle. Complex IV is the terminal electron acceptor which acts to conver ...
... complexes I through to IV of the electron transport chain (ETC) by initially donating electrons to complex I.37,47 Electrons are also fed into the ETC via complex II due to the conversion of succinate to fumarate within the TCA cycle. Complex IV is the terminal electron acceptor which acts to conver ...
Serine racemases from barley, Hordeum vulgare L., and other plant
... Serine racemase, which catalyzes racemization of L- and D-amino acids, is found in mammals as a biosynthetic enzyme for D-serine (1a), with the latter acting as an agonist at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the mammalian nervous system (Dunlop et al., 1986; Nagata et al., 19 ...
... Serine racemase, which catalyzes racemization of L- and D-amino acids, is found in mammals as a biosynthetic enzyme for D-serine (1a), with the latter acting as an agonist at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the mammalian nervous system (Dunlop et al., 1986; Nagata et al., 19 ...
On the role and formation of covalently bound flavin cofactors Heuts
... Introduction Enzymes can be divided into two groups: (a) enzymes that perform catalysis without the use of cofactors; and (b) enzymes that require one or more cofactors. Examples of the first group are hydrolases, which carry out catalysis by employing the amino acids present in the polypeptide chain ...
... Introduction Enzymes can be divided into two groups: (a) enzymes that perform catalysis without the use of cofactors; and (b) enzymes that require one or more cofactors. Examples of the first group are hydrolases, which carry out catalysis by employing the amino acids present in the polypeptide chain ...
NAD+-dependent formate dehydrogenase. From a model enzyme to
... Several high resolution structures of PseFDH are available to date: the apo-enzyme (resolution 1.80 Å) [17], the ternary complex of enzyme with NAD+ and azide mimicking putative transition state (2.05 Å) [17], and a complex with ADPR (1.50 Å) [23]. Several other binary complexes of PseFDH (PseFDH-fo ...
... Several high resolution structures of PseFDH are available to date: the apo-enzyme (resolution 1.80 Å) [17], the ternary complex of enzyme with NAD+ and azide mimicking putative transition state (2.05 Å) [17], and a complex with ADPR (1.50 Å) [23]. Several other binary complexes of PseFDH (PseFDH-fo ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.