and Schizosaccharomyces pombe
... Abstract The dicarboxylic acid fumarate is an important intermediate in cellular processes and also serves as a precursor for the commercial production of ®ne chemicals such as L-malate. Yeast species dier remarkably in their ability to degrade extracellular dicarboxylic acids and to utilise them a ...
... Abstract The dicarboxylic acid fumarate is an important intermediate in cellular processes and also serves as a precursor for the commercial production of ®ne chemicals such as L-malate. Yeast species dier remarkably in their ability to degrade extracellular dicarboxylic acids and to utilise them a ...
dhaA - Queen`s University Belfast
... This does not allow them to react with most molecules – just as well !!! – SPIN FORBIDDEN. ...
... This does not allow them to react with most molecules – just as well !!! – SPIN FORBIDDEN. ...
New insight into the photoheterotrophic growth of the
... second compartment of the MELiSSA loop, will be used to photoassimilate these volatile fatty acids. The assimilation of carbon sources that enter central carbon metabolism through acetyl-CoA requires an alternative cycle to replenish the TCA cycle intermediates used for the synthesis of all cell com ...
... second compartment of the MELiSSA loop, will be used to photoassimilate these volatile fatty acids. The assimilation of carbon sources that enter central carbon metabolism through acetyl-CoA requires an alternative cycle to replenish the TCA cycle intermediates used for the synthesis of all cell com ...
The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase-Complex, Acetyl-CoA Synthetase, Chloroplasts The enzymatic activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and acetyl-CoA synthe tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll pla ...
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase-Complex, Acetyl-CoA Synthetase, Chloroplasts The enzymatic activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and acetyl-CoA synthe tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll pla ...
The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase-Complex, Acetyl-CoA Synthetase, Chloroplasts The enzymatic activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and acetyl-CoA synthe tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll pla ...
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase-Complex, Acetyl-CoA Synthetase, Chloroplasts The enzymatic activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and acetyl-CoA synthe tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll pla ...
08 Redox Reactions
... viii. The oxidation number of oxygen is 2 in most of the compounds. However, there are two exceptions. a. The first exception is peroxides and superoxides in which oxygen atoms are directly linked to each other. Eg. In peroxides i.e. H2O2, each oxygen atom is assigned an oxidation number of 1 and ...
... viii. The oxidation number of oxygen is 2 in most of the compounds. However, there are two exceptions. a. The first exception is peroxides and superoxides in which oxygen atoms are directly linked to each other. Eg. In peroxides i.e. H2O2, each oxygen atom is assigned an oxidation number of 1 and ...
Metabolic Activity Decreases as an Adaptive Response to Low
... growing potato tubers. This is accompanied by a decrease of the adenylate energy status, and alterations of metabolites that are indicative of a decreased rate of glycolysis. The response to low oxygen was investigated in more detail by incubating tissue discs from growing tubers for 2 hours at a ra ...
... growing potato tubers. This is accompanied by a decrease of the adenylate energy status, and alterations of metabolites that are indicative of a decreased rate of glycolysis. The response to low oxygen was investigated in more detail by incubating tissue discs from growing tubers for 2 hours at a ra ...
Metabolic significance of inorganic triphosphate, thiamine
... First, I want to thank all the “expats” from the GIGANeurosciences, and specially the two “douche” Arash and Deb for all the good time and Sita and Asya for all the good music, live or on vinyl. Also all the others members of the so called “Liege Expats group” with a special thanks to Sophie who mad ...
... First, I want to thank all the “expats” from the GIGANeurosciences, and specially the two “douche” Arash and Deb for all the good time and Sita and Asya for all the good music, live or on vinyl. Also all the others members of the so called “Liege Expats group” with a special thanks to Sophie who mad ...
Broad-Spectrum Peptide Inhibitors of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic
... structural studies have correlated well with functional studies that have shown that APHs [8] and AACs [7] can phosphorylate and acetylate peptides, respectively. In general, positively charged peptides are favored, likely owing to the prevalence of negatively charged residues in the active site poc ...
... structural studies have correlated well with functional studies that have shown that APHs [8] and AACs [7] can phosphorylate and acetylate peptides, respectively. In general, positively charged peptides are favored, likely owing to the prevalence of negatively charged residues in the active site poc ...
Dear Notetaker:
... Also present in kidney and maybe intestine cells Kidney is back up plan for gluconeogenesis Enzymes of gluconeogenesis o 3 key enzymes from glycolysis that need to be bypassed in gluconeogenesis Need to be reversed because they use ATP Reversed with phosphatases that take off phosphates 1. ...
... Also present in kidney and maybe intestine cells Kidney is back up plan for gluconeogenesis Enzymes of gluconeogenesis o 3 key enzymes from glycolysis that need to be bypassed in gluconeogenesis Need to be reversed because they use ATP Reversed with phosphatases that take off phosphates 1. ...
The Enzyme as a Catalyst
... As catalysts, enzymes are both efficient and highly specific for a particular chemical reaction. Cofactors are involved in reactions along with enzyme where molecules are oxidized, reduced, rearranged or connected. ...
... As catalysts, enzymes are both efficient and highly specific for a particular chemical reaction. Cofactors are involved in reactions along with enzyme where molecules are oxidized, reduced, rearranged or connected. ...
Regulation of Respiration and Fermentation to
... concentrations fell to very low levels that were close to zero. This shows that plant internal oxygen concentrations respond very sensitively to changes in metabolic activities. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Glycolysis is part of the central backbone of primary carbohydrate meta ...
... concentrations fell to very low levels that were close to zero. This shows that plant internal oxygen concentrations respond very sensitively to changes in metabolic activities. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Glycolysis is part of the central backbone of primary carbohydrate meta ...
Life in the slow lane: molecular mechanisms of estivation
... Estivation is a state of aerobic hypometabolism used by organisms to endure seasonally arid conditions, often in desert environments. Estivating species are often active for only a few weeks each year to feed and breed and then retreat to estivate in sheltered sites, often underground. In general, e ...
... Estivation is a state of aerobic hypometabolism used by organisms to endure seasonally arid conditions, often in desert environments. Estivating species are often active for only a few weeks each year to feed and breed and then retreat to estivate in sheltered sites, often underground. In general, e ...
Vitamin C
... • Vitamin C has very complex functional roles in the body as a cofactor in around eight reactions: 1. Collagen synthesis 2. Carnitine synthesis 3. Tyrosine synthesis and catabolism 4. Neurotransmitter synthesis. 5. Drug and steroid metabolism. 6. Maintain the iron and copper atoms in the metalloenzy ...
... • Vitamin C has very complex functional roles in the body as a cofactor in around eight reactions: 1. Collagen synthesis 2. Carnitine synthesis 3. Tyrosine synthesis and catabolism 4. Neurotransmitter synthesis. 5. Drug and steroid metabolism. 6. Maintain the iron and copper atoms in the metalloenzy ...
Лекция 2. Структура и функция белка
... an amino group bonded to the same carbon atom (the a carbon) (Fig. 5-2). They differ from each other in their side chains, or R groups, which vary in structure, size, and electric charge, and influence the solubility of amino acids in water. When the R group contains additional carbons in a chain, t ...
... an amino group bonded to the same carbon atom (the a carbon) (Fig. 5-2). They differ from each other in their side chains, or R groups, which vary in structure, size, and electric charge, and influence the solubility of amino acids in water. When the R group contains additional carbons in a chain, t ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... The enzymes required are carnitine palmitoyltransferases I and II. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I is inhibited by malonyl CoA. This prevents fatty acids being synthesized in the cytosol from malonyl CoA from being transported into the mitochondria where they would be degraded. Once in the mi ...
... The enzymes required are carnitine palmitoyltransferases I and II. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I is inhibited by malonyl CoA. This prevents fatty acids being synthesized in the cytosol from malonyl CoA from being transported into the mitochondria where they would be degraded. Once in the mi ...
Capacitation-associated Changes in Protein
... different groups: modified TALP (Tyrode’s albumin lactate pyruvate) or TALP without one of the medium constituents (Ca2+, HCO3- and BSA). After incubation for the required time (0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, 5 h, and 7 h), sperm were removed for further experiment. The capacitation effect was assessed by CT ...
... different groups: modified TALP (Tyrode’s albumin lactate pyruvate) or TALP without one of the medium constituents (Ca2+, HCO3- and BSA). After incubation for the required time (0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, 5 h, and 7 h), sperm were removed for further experiment. The capacitation effect was assessed by CT ...
Variability of Wax Ester Fermentation in Natural and Bleached
... cycle with a succinate-semialdehyde shunt. Oxygen is the final acceptor for the electrons resulting from the glucose breakdown and most of the ATP, produced via oxidative phosphorylation gracilis, is able to perform a unique wax ester fermentation, in which the fatty acid synthesis serves as electro ...
... cycle with a succinate-semialdehyde shunt. Oxygen is the final acceptor for the electrons resulting from the glucose breakdown and most of the ATP, produced via oxidative phosphorylation gracilis, is able to perform a unique wax ester fermentation, in which the fatty acid synthesis serves as electro ...
The acetyl-CoA pathway of autotrophic growth
... the total synthesis of an organic compound from which the succeeding anabolic reactions proceed. ...
... the total synthesis of an organic compound from which the succeeding anabolic reactions proceed. ...
Muscle Tissue
... phosphocreatine is rapidly depleted and so the level of ATP drops. The concentration of ADP and Pi rises, as does the level of AMP by the action of adenylate kinase (myokinase) ...
... phosphocreatine is rapidly depleted and so the level of ATP drops. The concentration of ADP and Pi rises, as does the level of AMP by the action of adenylate kinase (myokinase) ...
9 The AMP-activated protein kinase: more than an energy sensor
... inactivated ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and HMG-CoA (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA) reductase, two key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Almost 15 years later, Hardie’s group [1,2] realized that both activities were catalysed by the same multisubstrate protein kinase, which was activated by AMP [1] ...
... inactivated ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and HMG-CoA (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA) reductase, two key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Almost 15 years later, Hardie’s group [1,2] realized that both activities were catalysed by the same multisubstrate protein kinase, which was activated by AMP [1] ...
Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme and the Changes
... confirmed the existence of a hydrophobic C-termlnal peptide that forms the short transmembrane domain of this plasma membrane-bound enzyme. The much longer external portion contains two homologous active site domains but probably only one functional active center. Finally, in spite of the great prog ...
... confirmed the existence of a hydrophobic C-termlnal peptide that forms the short transmembrane domain of this plasma membrane-bound enzyme. The much longer external portion contains two homologous active site domains but probably only one functional active center. Finally, in spite of the great prog ...
Design, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Properties of Dual
... to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are involved in transpeptidase activity to cross-link peptidoglycan units. This binding results in cell wall instability and increases permeability.1-2, 13 Glycopeptides, such as vancomycin, bind to the amino acid precursors used to assemble the cell wall ...
... to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are involved in transpeptidase activity to cross-link peptidoglycan units. This binding results in cell wall instability and increases permeability.1-2, 13 Glycopeptides, such as vancomycin, bind to the amino acid precursors used to assemble the cell wall ...
General introduction - University of Amsterdam
... hosts, but an opportunistic pathogen when the immune system is weakened. Several clades exist worldwide: North American clades I-III and European and African-specific clades, but no correlation has been found between host factors such as sex and age and strain type (143). C. albicans multiplies prima ...
... hosts, but an opportunistic pathogen when the immune system is weakened. Several clades exist worldwide: North American clades I-III and European and African-specific clades, but no correlation has been found between host factors such as sex and age and strain type (143). C. albicans multiplies prima ...
lactic acid ENG.cdr
... 2. Reduced pyruvate conversion to CO2 and H2O. 3. An altered redox state within the cell during which pyruvate is preferentially converted to lactate. To understand the metabolism of lactate, it is necessary to review the processes of anaerobic and aerobic respiration. The following figure illustrat ...
... 2. Reduced pyruvate conversion to CO2 and H2O. 3. An altered redox state within the cell during which pyruvate is preferentially converted to lactate. To understand the metabolism of lactate, it is necessary to review the processes of anaerobic and aerobic respiration. The following figure illustrat ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.