The tyrosine regulated DAHP synthase and the biosynthetic
... synthase monomer. Inhibitor binding results in a loss of contact between the loop L3 (Leu160) and loop L2 (Glu111). The inhibitor binding pulls the loop L3 in addition to the βsheets β0*, β6a and β6b towards the inhibitor molecule, which in turn destabilizes the catalytic site. In addition, inhibiti ...
... synthase monomer. Inhibitor binding results in a loss of contact between the loop L3 (Leu160) and loop L2 (Glu111). The inhibitor binding pulls the loop L3 in addition to the βsheets β0*, β6a and β6b towards the inhibitor molecule, which in turn destabilizes the catalytic site. In addition, inhibiti ...
Structure of bacterial luciferase
... Structure of bacterial luciferaseBaldwin et the protease labile region that is nfissing from the [3 subunit. In the [~ subunit, the corresponding excursion consists o f - 3 5 residues. In the 0t subunit, amino acid residues from Phe272 to Thr288 were not seen in the electron density map [3°'], cons ...
... Structure of bacterial luciferaseBaldwin et the protease labile region that is nfissing from the [3 subunit. In the [~ subunit, the corresponding excursion consists o f - 3 5 residues. In the 0t subunit, amino acid residues from Phe272 to Thr288 were not seen in the electron density map [3°'], cons ...
Isolation and Fractionation 2
... Although this technique separates mitochondria from lysosomes, both fractions tend to be contaminated by peroxisomes as judged by the distribution of catalase activity. Selective Modification of the Density of Lysosomes The size and density of these organelles can be selectively modified by 'indige ...
... Although this technique separates mitochondria from lysosomes, both fractions tend to be contaminated by peroxisomes as judged by the distribution of catalase activity. Selective Modification of the Density of Lysosomes The size and density of these organelles can be selectively modified by 'indige ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... After eating, blood glucose is high because liver cannot store it as glycogen. Some excess glucose is processed via Glycolysis to produce lactate & fatty acid precursors. During fasting, glucose is low because the liver lacks glycogen stores for generation of glucose. Ketone bodies are produced ...
... After eating, blood glucose is high because liver cannot store it as glycogen. Some excess glucose is processed via Glycolysis to produce lactate & fatty acid precursors. During fasting, glucose is low because the liver lacks glycogen stores for generation of glucose. Ketone bodies are produced ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... After eating, blood glucose is high because liver cannot store it as glycogen. Some excess glucose is processed via Glycolysis to produce lactate & fatty acid precursors. During fasting, glucose is low because the liver lacks glycogen stores for generation of glucose. Ketone bodies are produced ...
... After eating, blood glucose is high because liver cannot store it as glycogen. Some excess glucose is processed via Glycolysis to produce lactate & fatty acid precursors. During fasting, glucose is low because the liver lacks glycogen stores for generation of glucose. Ketone bodies are produced ...
167 renal and small intestinal sodium
... experiments using brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from the kidney cortex and small intestine of a variety of species. The results obtained from these studies indicated that renal apical Na+/Pi symport typically exibits an apparent Km for Pi of around 0.1–0.2 mmol l21 and that sodium ions int ...
... experiments using brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from the kidney cortex and small intestine of a variety of species. The results obtained from these studies indicated that renal apical Na+/Pi symport typically exibits an apparent Km for Pi of around 0.1–0.2 mmol l21 and that sodium ions int ...
Product Data Sheet Your assurance of quality®
... Athlete’s Choice Pro Elite combines the world’s finest sources of creatine including, CreaPure®, Creatine MagnaPower®, and Creatine Pyruvate. Pro Elite also provides powerful supportive benefits of Peak ATP®, Ribose, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Taurine, Cinnamon Extract, Biotin and Vitamin C. The synergistic ...
... Athlete’s Choice Pro Elite combines the world’s finest sources of creatine including, CreaPure®, Creatine MagnaPower®, and Creatine Pyruvate. Pro Elite also provides powerful supportive benefits of Peak ATP®, Ribose, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Taurine, Cinnamon Extract, Biotin and Vitamin C. The synergistic ...
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... media. Glucose isomerase (EC. 5.3.1.5) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose to fructose and that of xylose to xylulose. It is an important enzyme used in the industrial production of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Glucose isomerase was purified from Bacillus thuringiensis. The final p ...
... media. Glucose isomerase (EC. 5.3.1.5) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose to fructose and that of xylose to xylulose. It is an important enzyme used in the industrial production of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Glucose isomerase was purified from Bacillus thuringiensis. The final p ...
2.2. Garrido-Franco, M. Structure E. coli
... monomers remains unclear, since all monomers display similar crystal contacts and overall folds (235 Cα atoms were aligned with an average rmsd of 0.34 Å). One remarkable difference is the binding of a phosphate ion in the active site of monomer A. The average B factor of the Pi (54.1 Å2) is slightl ...
... monomers remains unclear, since all monomers display similar crystal contacts and overall folds (235 Cα atoms were aligned with an average rmsd of 0.34 Å). One remarkable difference is the binding of a phosphate ion in the active site of monomer A. The average B factor of the Pi (54.1 Å2) is slightl ...
Lactic acidosis
... has binding sites for the substrates, pyruvate, ATP, HCO3- and the allosteric effector, acetyl-CoA. Each subunit also contains one molecule of covalently bound biotin. The reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase is shown below. ⊕ Acetyl-CoA Pyruvate + HCO3- + ATP ------------------> oxaloactete + ...
... has binding sites for the substrates, pyruvate, ATP, HCO3- and the allosteric effector, acetyl-CoA. Each subunit also contains one molecule of covalently bound biotin. The reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase is shown below. ⊕ Acetyl-CoA Pyruvate + HCO3- + ATP ------------------> oxaloactete + ...
Membrane transporters in a human genome
... (Guyton and Hall, 2000). There are two basic modes of cellular transport for hydrophilic substances (i.e., active and passive). These basic mechanisms can operate as follows: (1) without a carrier protein (simple diffusion), (2) with a carrier protein (facilitated diffusion), and (3) with the expend ...
... (Guyton and Hall, 2000). There are two basic modes of cellular transport for hydrophilic substances (i.e., active and passive). These basic mechanisms can operate as follows: (1) without a carrier protein (simple diffusion), (2) with a carrier protein (facilitated diffusion), and (3) with the expend ...
Chapter 24: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature regulation
... Food (glucose) is oxidized and the released hydrogens: Are transported by coenzymes NADH and FADH2 Enter a chain of proteins bound to metal atoms (cofactors) Combine with molecular oxygen to form water ...
... Food (glucose) is oxidized and the released hydrogens: Are transported by coenzymes NADH and FADH2 Enter a chain of proteins bound to metal atoms (cofactors) Combine with molecular oxygen to form water ...
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Joanne I. Yeh joanneyeh Associate
... Major focus of this study is on the crystal structure determination of membrane proteins involved in glycerol and oxidative metabolism in Gram-positive, pathogenic bacteria. DARPA / AFSOR MURI:co-PI J.I. Yeh 06/01/03-05/01/08 Biological Interface for Ultrasensitive Detection and Signal Transduction ...
... Major focus of this study is on the crystal structure determination of membrane proteins involved in glycerol and oxidative metabolism in Gram-positive, pathogenic bacteria. DARPA / AFSOR MURI:co-PI J.I. Yeh 06/01/03-05/01/08 Biological Interface for Ultrasensitive Detection and Signal Transduction ...
The Utilization of Propionate by Micrococcus
... KORNBERG, H. L. (1958). The metabolism of C,-compounds in micro-organisms. 1. The incorporation of [2-14C]acetateby Pseudomonas fluorescens,and by a Corynebacterium, grown on ammonium acetate. Biochem. J. 68, 535. KORNBERG, H. L. & MORRIS, J. G. (1965). The utilization of glycollate by Micrococcus d ...
... KORNBERG, H. L. (1958). The metabolism of C,-compounds in micro-organisms. 1. The incorporation of [2-14C]acetateby Pseudomonas fluorescens,and by a Corynebacterium, grown on ammonium acetate. Biochem. J. 68, 535. KORNBERG, H. L. & MORRIS, J. G. (1965). The utilization of glycollate by Micrococcus d ...
melatonin and succinate reduce rat liver mitochondrial dysfunction
... oxidative stress and declines in antioxidant capacity are considered to play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus and its complications (2, 3). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may serve as second messengers in the insulin action cascade (redox paradox) (4). Glucose and lipi ...
... oxidative stress and declines in antioxidant capacity are considered to play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus and its complications (2, 3). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may serve as second messengers in the insulin action cascade (redox paradox) (4). Glucose and lipi ...
Theoretical studies on pyridoxal 5’-phosphate- catalyzed reactions of biological relevance 2014
... the average number of proteins in the cell, such chemical lifetimes are necessary to prevent spontaneous degradation of proteins under physiological conditions (Wolfenden2001). On the other hand, it is also required that all biological reactions proceed coordinatedly for the correct operation of the ...
... the average number of proteins in the cell, such chemical lifetimes are necessary to prevent spontaneous degradation of proteins under physiological conditions (Wolfenden2001). On the other hand, it is also required that all biological reactions proceed coordinatedly for the correct operation of the ...
Biochemical Characterization of 2-Nitropropane Dioxygenase from
... yields nitroalkanes [3; 4]. In addition, nitroalkanes can be generated by conversion of other functionalities, such as: carbonyls, oximes and azides [5; 6; 7] or by nitration of the alkyl halides with metal nitrites, such as silver nitrite in diethyl ether (Victor-Meyer reaction), potassium nitrite, ...
... yields nitroalkanes [3; 4]. In addition, nitroalkanes can be generated by conversion of other functionalities, such as: carbonyls, oximes and azides [5; 6; 7] or by nitration of the alkyl halides with metal nitrites, such as silver nitrite in diethyl ether (Victor-Meyer reaction), potassium nitrite, ...
http://doc.rero.ch
... photoinduced cleavage of ketone 2, subsequent phosphate elimination 3 → 4, and oxidation of the aromatic group 4 → 5. The synthesis and reaction mechanism of this site-specific charge injection system is described in detail in refs 23−26. In the molecule shown, after photoexcitation an electron woul ...
... photoinduced cleavage of ketone 2, subsequent phosphate elimination 3 → 4, and oxidation of the aromatic group 4 → 5. The synthesis and reaction mechanism of this site-specific charge injection system is described in detail in refs 23−26. In the molecule shown, after photoexcitation an electron woul ...
Reactive cysteine in proteins: Protein folding - Genoma
... glutaredoxin (also known as thioltransferase) and protein disulfide isomerase are also involved in the regulation of the intracellular redox balance and, therefore, they are also known as thiol/disulfide oxido-reductases. Thioredoxin appears to be a very ancient protein since it is widespread among ...
... glutaredoxin (also known as thioltransferase) and protein disulfide isomerase are also involved in the regulation of the intracellular redox balance and, therefore, they are also known as thiol/disulfide oxido-reductases. Thioredoxin appears to be a very ancient protein since it is widespread among ...
Role of Na and K in Enzyme Function
... concentration (hyponatremia) is the most common electrolyte disorder and a common medical problem that affects ⬃1–5% of all hospital inpatients (2, 99, 179). Vigorous exercise, like marathon running, can also cause life-threatening hyponatremia (5). Inherited forms of hypertension and hypotension ha ...
... concentration (hyponatremia) is the most common electrolyte disorder and a common medical problem that affects ⬃1–5% of all hospital inpatients (2, 99, 179). Vigorous exercise, like marathon running, can also cause life-threatening hyponatremia (5). Inherited forms of hypertension and hypotension ha ...
Fastness in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
... kinase encoded by the Mtb genome was expressed and purified as a GST fusion and incubated with purified His-tagged KasB_WT, KasB_T334A, KasB_T336A and KasB_T334A/T336A in the presence of radiolabeled [c-33]ATP. Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE, stained with Coomassie Blue and visualized by autorad ...
... kinase encoded by the Mtb genome was expressed and purified as a GST fusion and incubated with purified His-tagged KasB_WT, KasB_T334A, KasB_T336A and KasB_T334A/T336A in the presence of radiolabeled [c-33]ATP. Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE, stained with Coomassie Blue and visualized by autorad ...
CX3 creatine
... Creatine plays a vital role in energy production by recycling ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in muscles. ATP is the body’s major molecule that produces “explosive” chemical energy within cells and is also known as “molecular currency” since it transfers energy within all cells of the body. Approximate ...
... Creatine plays a vital role in energy production by recycling ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in muscles. ATP is the body’s major molecule that produces “explosive” chemical energy within cells and is also known as “molecular currency” since it transfers energy within all cells of the body. Approximate ...
Carnitine Acetyltransferase and Mitochondrial Acetyl
... intermediate of glucose, amino acid and fatty acid oxidation, is a primary substrate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). As such, the oxidation of acetyl-CoA fuels the production of reducing equivalents which are required for ATP generation. Alternatively, cytosolic acetyl-CoA acts as a bui ...
... intermediate of glucose, amino acid and fatty acid oxidation, is a primary substrate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). As such, the oxidation of acetyl-CoA fuels the production of reducing equivalents which are required for ATP generation. Alternatively, cytosolic acetyl-CoA acts as a bui ...
Amino Acid Degradation
... Glucogenic amino acids are broken down into one of the following metabolites: pyruvate, αketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, fumarate or oxaloacetate. Ketogenic amino acids are broken down into acetoacetate or acetyl-CoA. Larger amino acids, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine and threonine are ...
... Glucogenic amino acids are broken down into one of the following metabolites: pyruvate, αketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, fumarate or oxaloacetate. Ketogenic amino acids are broken down into acetoacetate or acetyl-CoA. Larger amino acids, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine and threonine are ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.