lactic acid ENG.cdr
... 2. Reduced pyruvate conversion to CO2 and H2O. 3. An altered redox state within the cell during which pyruvate is preferentially converted to lactate. To understand the metabolism of lactate, it is necessary to review the processes of anaerobic and aerobic respiration. The following figure illustrat ...
... 2. Reduced pyruvate conversion to CO2 and H2O. 3. An altered redox state within the cell during which pyruvate is preferentially converted to lactate. To understand the metabolism of lactate, it is necessary to review the processes of anaerobic and aerobic respiration. The following figure illustrat ...
Therapeutic role of coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson`s disease
... succinate via FADH2 to complex II (succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). The ETC is composed of 5 complexes: complex I, complex II, complex III (ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase), complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase), and complex V (H+-translocating adenosine 5V triphosphate (ATP) synthase). The t ...
... succinate via FADH2 to complex II (succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). The ETC is composed of 5 complexes: complex I, complex II, complex III (ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase), complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase), and complex V (H+-translocating adenosine 5V triphosphate (ATP) synthase). The t ...
strain UNS 35 - Journal of Medical Microbiology
... major product arising from the actions of this enzyme. When used in minimal media, hyaluronate supported growth of S. intermedius, with lactate as the major metabolic endproduct. ...
... major product arising from the actions of this enzyme. When used in minimal media, hyaluronate supported growth of S. intermedius, with lactate as the major metabolic endproduct. ...
Novel targets for tuberculosis drug discovery
... Khisimuzi Mdluli and Melvin Spigelman Since the determination of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome sequence, various groups have used the genomic information to identify and validate targets as the basis for the development of new anti-tuberculosis agents. Validation might include many component ...
... Khisimuzi Mdluli and Melvin Spigelman Since the determination of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome sequence, various groups have used the genomic information to identify and validate targets as the basis for the development of new anti-tuberculosis agents. Validation might include many component ...
Triglyceride Measurements: a Review of Methods and Interferences
... selection from a wide variety of commercially available preparations. We have found that the source of lipase determines the rate and degree of lipolysis: lipase from Chromobacterium sp. acts with higher specificity toward the glycerides of long-chain fatty acids, whereas the lipase from Pseudomonas ...
... selection from a wide variety of commercially available preparations. We have found that the source of lipase determines the rate and degree of lipolysis: lipase from Chromobacterium sp. acts with higher specificity toward the glycerides of long-chain fatty acids, whereas the lipase from Pseudomonas ...
Full-Text PDF
... abnormalities like the presence of ragged red fibres (RRF) with abnormal mitochondria in MERFF, KSS or MELAS using the Gomori trichrome stain or succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-reactive vessels, and the preservation of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) staining in RRFs often seen in MELAS [3,4]. Skeletal mus ...
... abnormalities like the presence of ragged red fibres (RRF) with abnormal mitochondria in MERFF, KSS or MELAS using the Gomori trichrome stain or succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-reactive vessels, and the preservation of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) staining in RRFs often seen in MELAS [3,4]. Skeletal mus ...
Instructions for use Title ENZYMOLOGICAL STUDIES ON
... deal of attention. For a time, it was widely thought to be a simple competition for ADP and inorganic phosphate between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorlyation system of respiration. The inhibition of respiration by glycolysis has also been observed as Crabtree effect in the transient state of tumo ...
... deal of attention. For a time, it was widely thought to be a simple competition for ADP and inorganic phosphate between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorlyation system of respiration. The inhibition of respiration by glycolysis has also been observed as Crabtree effect in the transient state of tumo ...
Mitochondrial trans-2-Enoyl-CoA Reductase of Wax Ester
... In the absence of oxygen, acetyl-CoA stemming from pyruvate serves as the terminal electron acceptor of glucose oxidation via an unusual mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (4). The shift to anaerobic conditions leads to the malonyl-CoA-independent synthesis of wax esters, levels of which can reach u ...
... In the absence of oxygen, acetyl-CoA stemming from pyruvate serves as the terminal electron acceptor of glucose oxidation via an unusual mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (4). The shift to anaerobic conditions leads to the malonyl-CoA-independent synthesis of wax esters, levels of which can reach u ...
PORPHYRINS
... that limit its reactivity • Both iron deficiency and iron overload cause cellular defects and disease • Most available iron generated by macrophages that recycle red cell iron • Dietary Fe3+ in duodenum converted to Fe2+ and absorbed by duodenal enterocyte ...
... that limit its reactivity • Both iron deficiency and iron overload cause cellular defects and disease • Most available iron generated by macrophages that recycle red cell iron • Dietary Fe3+ in duodenum converted to Fe2+ and absorbed by duodenal enterocyte ...
Archive Microbiology
... Chlamydomonas. In conclusion, in those organisms tested, a low level of lipoic acid is a sufficient precondition for the occurrence of the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, whereas there is a one to one correspondence between the high amount of lipoic acid and the presence of the pyruvate dehydro ...
... Chlamydomonas. In conclusion, in those organisms tested, a low level of lipoic acid is a sufficient precondition for the occurrence of the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, whereas there is a one to one correspondence between the high amount of lipoic acid and the presence of the pyruvate dehydro ...
Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart • New York
... polymerases (i. e. the " A " subunits of these enzymes) - T h e second largest subunit of the R N A polymerases f r o m sulfur-dependent archaebacteria — T h e largest subunit of the R N A polymerases f r o m halophilic a n d methanogenic archaebacteria — Subunit ß ' of eubacterial R N A polymerases ...
... polymerases (i. e. the " A " subunits of these enzymes) - T h e second largest subunit of the R N A polymerases f r o m sulfur-dependent archaebacteria — T h e largest subunit of the R N A polymerases f r o m halophilic a n d methanogenic archaebacteria — Subunit ß ' of eubacterial R N A polymerases ...
Bioactivation of Selenocysteine Se-Conjugates by a Highly Purified
... its ability to convert leukotriene E4 and 5⬘-S-cysteinyldopamine and by its lower specific activity toward cysteine conjugates of halogenated alkenes (Abraham et al., 1995). Recently, we demonstrated that replacing the sulfur of cysteine S-conjugates by a selenium atom resulted in a dramatic increas ...
... its ability to convert leukotriene E4 and 5⬘-S-cysteinyldopamine and by its lower specific activity toward cysteine conjugates of halogenated alkenes (Abraham et al., 1995). Recently, we demonstrated that replacing the sulfur of cysteine S-conjugates by a selenium atom resulted in a dramatic increas ...
Engineering Acetyl Coenzyme A Supply: Functional Expression of a
... of lipoic acid. To determine if PDH can replace the native cytosolic route to acetyl-CoA, the native route must be blocked (e.g., by deletion of ACS genes) and the subunits of PDH must be expressed such that they will not be targeted to the mitochondrion (as is the case for the native PDH complex). ...
... of lipoic acid. To determine if PDH can replace the native cytosolic route to acetyl-CoA, the native route must be blocked (e.g., by deletion of ACS genes) and the subunits of PDH must be expressed such that they will not be targeted to the mitochondrion (as is the case for the native PDH complex). ...
Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis and Function in Gram
... has significantly diverged from the LtaS enzyme. In Bacillus spp., which contain four LTA synthase enzymes, these proteins are more closely related to each other and the LtaS protein of L. monocytogenes than to LtaP. Disaccharide-containing glycolipids are often the predominant glycolipids and are pr ...
... has significantly diverged from the LtaS enzyme. In Bacillus spp., which contain four LTA synthase enzymes, these proteins are more closely related to each other and the LtaS protein of L. monocytogenes than to LtaP. Disaccharide-containing glycolipids are often the predominant glycolipids and are pr ...
Thiosulfoxide (Sulfane) Sulfur: New Chemistry and New Regulatory
... At high temperatures, very long chains form but, at lower temperatures, the chains cyclize in rings of eight atoms that can pack in several allotropic forms. Sulfur atoms have a high affinity for bonding to other chalcogens atoms, particularly oxygen as reflected in its ancient name “brimstone” (bur ...
... At high temperatures, very long chains form but, at lower temperatures, the chains cyclize in rings of eight atoms that can pack in several allotropic forms. Sulfur atoms have a high affinity for bonding to other chalcogens atoms, particularly oxygen as reflected in its ancient name “brimstone” (bur ...
Planta
... from several tree species (Silver and Fall 1991; Kuzma and Fall 1993; Schnitzler et al. 1996; Wildermuth and Fall 1998). This so-called isoprene synthase was puri®ed from aspen leaves, digested by cyanogen bromide (CNBr), and the initial 6±24 amino acids of three peptide fragments (25 kDa, 13 kDa an ...
... from several tree species (Silver and Fall 1991; Kuzma and Fall 1993; Schnitzler et al. 1996; Wildermuth and Fall 1998). This so-called isoprene synthase was puri®ed from aspen leaves, digested by cyanogen bromide (CNBr), and the initial 6±24 amino acids of three peptide fragments (25 kDa, 13 kDa an ...
Recycling of vitamin B12 and NAD+ within the Pdu
... that PduS is a monomer and each monomer of PduS contains one non-covalently bound FMN and two [4Fe-4S] clusters which are oxygen-labile. Genetic studies showed that a pduS deletion decreased the growth rate of Salmonella on 1,2-PD supporting a role in cobalamin reduction in vivo. Further SDS-PAGE an ...
... that PduS is a monomer and each monomer of PduS contains one non-covalently bound FMN and two [4Fe-4S] clusters which are oxygen-labile. Genetic studies showed that a pduS deletion decreased the growth rate of Salmonella on 1,2-PD supporting a role in cobalamin reduction in vivo. Further SDS-PAGE an ...
Active Site of Ribonuclease A - Department of Biochemistry | UW
... Hammes 1969). This profile is consistent with a mechanism that involves two titratable residues, one of which is protonated and the other unprotonated. His12 and His119 are the only residues that need be invoked to explain this pH dependence. Support for this assignment comes from the semisynthesis ...
... Hammes 1969). This profile is consistent with a mechanism that involves two titratable residues, one of which is protonated and the other unprotonated. His12 and His119 are the only residues that need be invoked to explain this pH dependence. Support for this assignment comes from the semisynthesis ...
Ube2W conjugates ubiquitin to α-amino groups of protein N
... The covalent attachment of the protein ubiquitin to intracellular proteins by a process known as ubiquitylation regulates almost all major cellular systems, predominantly by regulating protein turnover. Ubiquitylation requires the co-ordinated action of three enzymes termed E1, E2 and E3, and typica ...
... The covalent attachment of the protein ubiquitin to intracellular proteins by a process known as ubiquitylation regulates almost all major cellular systems, predominantly by regulating protein turnover. Ubiquitylation requires the co-ordinated action of three enzymes termed E1, E2 and E3, and typica ...
Tryptophan synthase uses an atypical mechanism to achieve
... reaction in the form of TrpS? Where specificity is driven by differences in the KM, mutations that alter binding affinity can readily swap the specificities of such enzymes.22 In contrast, TrpS has only a small preference for Ser over Thr and instead achieves specificity through catalytic and allost ...
... reaction in the form of TrpS? Where specificity is driven by differences in the KM, mutations that alter binding affinity can readily swap the specificities of such enzymes.22 In contrast, TrpS has only a small preference for Ser over Thr and instead achieves specificity through catalytic and allost ...
The Biochemical Machinery of Plastid Envelope
... by the enzyme in addition to the prokaryotic 18:1/16:0 diacylglycerol synthesized directly within the inner envelope membrane (Maréchal et al., 1994). The kinetic properties of the envelope MGDG synthase could explain the synthesis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic MGDG molecular species. Finally, MGDG ...
... by the enzyme in addition to the prokaryotic 18:1/16:0 diacylglycerol synthesized directly within the inner envelope membrane (Maréchal et al., 1994). The kinetic properties of the envelope MGDG synthase could explain the synthesis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic MGDG molecular species. Finally, MGDG ...
Bacterial hemoglobins and flavohemoglobins: versatile proteins and
... primary use as a substrate and its secondary e¡ects on metabolism. Its use as a substrate allows cellular metabolism to work at optimal levels of substrate utilization and energy yield. Oxygen is required for the regulation of a variety of cellular functions, which are expressed in response to oxyge ...
... primary use as a substrate and its secondary e¡ects on metabolism. Its use as a substrate allows cellular metabolism to work at optimal levels of substrate utilization and energy yield. Oxygen is required for the regulation of a variety of cellular functions, which are expressed in response to oxyge ...
BIOCHEMISTRY Which of the following single
... A. lowering the free energy of activation of reactions B. increasing transition state of reactants and products C. lowering the net energy change between initial and final states of the ...
... A. lowering the free energy of activation of reactions B. increasing transition state of reactants and products C. lowering the net energy change between initial and final states of the ...
The Metabolism of Acetate by the Blue-green Algae
... broken by (a) extrusion through a French pressure cell at 10,000lb./sq. in., or (b) ultrasonic distintegration in an M.S.E. 60 W., 20 Kc/sec. sonic disintegrator for three 45-sec. periods. In either case a temperature of 0-2' was maintained and enzyme activities were similar in extracts prepared by ...
... broken by (a) extrusion through a French pressure cell at 10,000lb./sq. in., or (b) ultrasonic distintegration in an M.S.E. 60 W., 20 Kc/sec. sonic disintegrator for three 45-sec. periods. In either case a temperature of 0-2' was maintained and enzyme activities were similar in extracts prepared by ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.