Exploring the directionality of Escherichia coli formate
... Chemosynthesis of formate from CO2 in vivo driven by FHL Early experiments using the chemical reduction of mercuric chloride as an assay for formic acid demonstrated that intact E. coli cells could generate formate from hydrogen and carbon dioxide (Woods 1936). However, this early work was unable to ...
... Chemosynthesis of formate from CO2 in vivo driven by FHL Early experiments using the chemical reduction of mercuric chloride as an assay for formic acid demonstrated that intact E. coli cells could generate formate from hydrogen and carbon dioxide (Woods 1936). However, this early work was unable to ...
Untitled
... by itself is an aggregate of molecules. Every human actively, like walking, breathing and even thinking are the result of the interactions of these molecules. Defective molecular processes result in disease state. Moreover Biochemistry has become a background subject for a great family of medical sc ...
... by itself is an aggregate of molecules. Every human actively, like walking, breathing and even thinking are the result of the interactions of these molecules. Defective molecular processes result in disease state. Moreover Biochemistry has become a background subject for a great family of medical sc ...
32_Metabolism of ammonia. Biosynthesis of urea and its disorders
... argininosuccinate is driven by breakdown of ATP to AMP CO2-O C-CH CH-NH + ...
... argininosuccinate is driven by breakdown of ATP to AMP CO2-O C-CH CH-NH + ...
AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates transcription factors of
... Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Submitted 21 August 2007; accepted in final form 27 November 2007 ...
... Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Submitted 21 August 2007; accepted in final form 27 November 2007 ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... aggregate to form rosettelike granules called alpha particles or -rosettes, which can be up to 200 nm in diameter • Glycogen is found in the cytosol of most cells but is most abundant in liver and muscle • Synthesis and breakdown of glycogen occur in cytosol ...
... aggregate to form rosettelike granules called alpha particles or -rosettes, which can be up to 200 nm in diameter • Glycogen is found in the cytosol of most cells but is most abundant in liver and muscle • Synthesis and breakdown of glycogen occur in cytosol ...
NH2
... ■Removal of ammonia from a.as can not be explained alone by transamination nor by oxidative deamination alone It can not be explained by transamination alone as no free ammonia is liberated nor by oxidative deamination alone as oxid. Deamination works efficiently only on glutamic acid as L- glutamat ...
... ■Removal of ammonia from a.as can not be explained alone by transamination nor by oxidative deamination alone It can not be explained by transamination alone as no free ammonia is liberated nor by oxidative deamination alone as oxid. Deamination works efficiently only on glutamic acid as L- glutamat ...
Two nearly identical terpene synthases catalyze the
... snapdragon myrcene synthase (AAO41726), (E)-b-ocimene synthase (AAO42614), strawberry nerolidol/linalool synthase (FaNES; CAD57106) and Arabidopsis linalool synthase (AAO85533). The alignment was performed using CLUSTALW, and was shaded with BoxShade version 3.21 software (Human Genome Sequencing Ce ...
... snapdragon myrcene synthase (AAO41726), (E)-b-ocimene synthase (AAO42614), strawberry nerolidol/linalool synthase (FaNES; CAD57106) and Arabidopsis linalool synthase (AAO85533). The alignment was performed using CLUSTALW, and was shaded with BoxShade version 3.21 software (Human Genome Sequencing Ce ...
25. biosynthesis of lipids
... (—SH) groups of the complex. The growing fatty acid is shifted between these two —SH groups. One is relatively fixed in position because it is on a cysteine residue. It acts as a parking place for acyl groups that are to be lengthened. The other —SH group carries the extended chain while it undergoe ...
... (—SH) groups of the complex. The growing fatty acid is shifted between these two —SH groups. One is relatively fixed in position because it is on a cysteine residue. It acts as a parking place for acyl groups that are to be lengthened. The other —SH group carries the extended chain while it undergoe ...
29 Pathways of Sugar Metabolism: Pentose
... Fructose synthesis from glucose in the polyol pathway occurs in seminal vesicles and other tissues. Aldose reductase converts glucose to the sugar alcohol sorbitol (a polyol), which is then oxidized to fructose. In the lens of the eye, elevated levels of sorbitol in diabetes mellitus may contribute ...
... Fructose synthesis from glucose in the polyol pathway occurs in seminal vesicles and other tissues. Aldose reductase converts glucose to the sugar alcohol sorbitol (a polyol), which is then oxidized to fructose. In the lens of the eye, elevated levels of sorbitol in diabetes mellitus may contribute ...
The experiments provide ne~~~den~~~~t the r&rate clewage pathway... of carbon for the synthesis of $tty ack& k‘l...
... Scheme 1. Fischer prujeotion formulas of the absolute co~~~~ur~~i~n of tile stereoisomersof hjrdroxyqiaate iti relation to the absolute ctinRpurarionof citrate, cis-aconit+e and. g-isocitrate, In a, the carbon aroma fro.% the, ucetyl group of acetyl-CoA which becorn@citrate in the citrate synthasere ...
... Scheme 1. Fischer prujeotion formulas of the absolute co~~~~ur~~i~n of tile stereoisomersof hjrdroxyqiaate iti relation to the absolute ctinRpurarionof citrate, cis-aconit+e and. g-isocitrate, In a, the carbon aroma fro.% the, ucetyl group of acetyl-CoA which becorn@citrate in the citrate synthasere ...
Does Lactic Acid Cause Muscular Fatigue?
... They have been likened to little chemical factories in the muscles where aerobic metabolism takes place because they contain the key enzymes and can take up the oxygen needed for that process. Pyruvate enters the mitochondria easily and is oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) by means of Krebs cycle (al ...
... They have been likened to little chemical factories in the muscles where aerobic metabolism takes place because they contain the key enzymes and can take up the oxygen needed for that process. Pyruvate enters the mitochondria easily and is oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) by means of Krebs cycle (al ...
LipidMetabolism
... Phosphatidylinositol is made by this CDPdiacylglycerol pathway in bacteria and eukaryotes ...
... Phosphatidylinositol is made by this CDPdiacylglycerol pathway in bacteria and eukaryotes ...
thyroid synthesis, mode of action, metabolic functions and disorders
... • Thyroglobulin itself is not secreted into the circulation • Thyroglobulin is digested by pinocytosis mechanism at the apical membrane • T3 and T4 are released, diffuse into the capillaries through the basal surface Deiodination of Iodothronines • During digestion of thyroglobulin, iodothyronins ar ...
... • Thyroglobulin itself is not secreted into the circulation • Thyroglobulin is digested by pinocytosis mechanism at the apical membrane • T3 and T4 are released, diffuse into the capillaries through the basal surface Deiodination of Iodothronines • During digestion of thyroglobulin, iodothyronins ar ...
Genetic Disorders of Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Fatty Acid
... In mitochondria the first step in the 3 oxidation of fatty acids is catalyzed by various acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, all FAD-linked, which donate their electrons to the respiratory chain, thus generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In peroxisomes, however, the acyl-CoA oxidases—which are also FAD lin ...
... In mitochondria the first step in the 3 oxidation of fatty acids is catalyzed by various acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, all FAD-linked, which donate their electrons to the respiratory chain, thus generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In peroxisomes, however, the acyl-CoA oxidases—which are also FAD lin ...
Untitled - Heart and Metabolism
... Decreased myocardial mechanical efficiency in the failing heart is a consistent and early finding both clinically and in experimental models. Assessment of myocardial mechanical efficiency is an important clinical tool for evaluation of the outcome of therapies. As illustrated in the Fig. 1, energy ...
... Decreased myocardial mechanical efficiency in the failing heart is a consistent and early finding both clinically and in experimental models. Assessment of myocardial mechanical efficiency is an important clinical tool for evaluation of the outcome of therapies. As illustrated in the Fig. 1, energy ...
The acetaminophen metabolite
... Liss et al., 2013; Pitt and Hauser, 1998) the majority were poorly nourished, had one or more chronic morbidities requiring pain relief, and often on-going sepsis. Some were alcohol abusers, had renal impairment, and/or post-operative infection and three were pregnant. The median age was 54 y (range ...
... Liss et al., 2013; Pitt and Hauser, 1998) the majority were poorly nourished, had one or more chronic morbidities requiring pain relief, and often on-going sepsis. Some were alcohol abusers, had renal impairment, and/or post-operative infection and three were pregnant. The median age was 54 y (range ...
Propionate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... medium. Co-metabolism of propionate led to an increase of the biomass and protein yields. Attempts to grow 5. cerevisiae on propionate as a sole source of carbon and energy were not successful. Activities of propionyl-CoA synthetase in cell-free extracts were sufficient to account for the rates of p ...
... medium. Co-metabolism of propionate led to an increase of the biomass and protein yields. Attempts to grow 5. cerevisiae on propionate as a sole source of carbon and energy were not successful. Activities of propionyl-CoA synthetase in cell-free extracts were sufficient to account for the rates of p ...
lecture6
... Conversion of Propionyl CoA Into Succinyl CoA. Propionyl CoA, generated from fatty acids with an odd number of carbons as well as some amino acids, is converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate succinyl CoA. ...
... Conversion of Propionyl CoA Into Succinyl CoA. Propionyl CoA, generated from fatty acids with an odd number of carbons as well as some amino acids, is converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate succinyl CoA. ...
The Complete Oxidation of Palmitate Yields 106 Molecules of ATP
... pathway and hence is unavailable for condensation with acetyl CoA. Under these conditions, acetyl CoA is diverted to the formation of acetoacetate and d-3-hydroxybutyrate. Acetoacetate, d-3-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone are often referred to as ketone bodies. Abnormally high levels of ketone bodies a ...
... pathway and hence is unavailable for condensation with acetyl CoA. Under these conditions, acetyl CoA is diverted to the formation of acetoacetate and d-3-hydroxybutyrate. Acetoacetate, d-3-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone are often referred to as ketone bodies. Abnormally high levels of ketone bodies a ...
Catalytic mechanism of nucleoside diphosphate kinase investigated
... kinase for most studies since it is the NDP kinase best characterized by crystallography (7, 12, 14), physical studies (25, 31), mutagenesis (32), and fast kinetic studies (15, 33). Kinetic parameters for TDP and several analogues are given in Table 2. All compounds lacking the 3′-OH group are poor ...
... kinase for most studies since it is the NDP kinase best characterized by crystallography (7, 12, 14), physical studies (25, 31), mutagenesis (32), and fast kinetic studies (15, 33). Kinetic parameters for TDP and several analogues are given in Table 2. All compounds lacking the 3′-OH group are poor ...
GUIDE (download pdf)
... reagents change their spectral patterns as the metabolic process takes place. These changes are detected photometrically by an optical instrument and monitored at predetermined time intervals. The key to the technology is the monitoring of these changes in a semifluid zone of the patented organism-s ...
... reagents change their spectral patterns as the metabolic process takes place. These changes are detected photometrically by an optical instrument and monitored at predetermined time intervals. The key to the technology is the monitoring of these changes in a semifluid zone of the patented organism-s ...
lecture6
... pathway and hence is unavailable for condensation with acetyl CoA. Under these conditions, acetyl CoA is diverted to the formation of acetoacetate and d-3-hydroxybutyrate. Acetoacetate, d-3-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone are often referred to as ketone bodies. Abnormally high levels of ketone bodies a ...
... pathway and hence is unavailable for condensation with acetyl CoA. Under these conditions, acetyl CoA is diverted to the formation of acetoacetate and d-3-hydroxybutyrate. Acetoacetate, d-3-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone are often referred to as ketone bodies. Abnormally high levels of ketone bodies a ...
The shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites: Implications for
... reported type II enzymes. This is caused by numerous insertions into the protein sequence (21). To the best of our knowledge no biochemical information of an apicomplexan DAHPS is presently available except that DAHPS activity was observed in crude extracts of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falcip ...
... reported type II enzymes. This is caused by numerous insertions into the protein sequence (21). To the best of our knowledge no biochemical information of an apicomplexan DAHPS is presently available except that DAHPS activity was observed in crude extracts of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falcip ...
Two conformations of a crystalline human tRNA synthetasetRNA
... (Figure 1). (AMPPNP is an analog of ATP that has a phosphoramidate linkage between the b- and g-phosphate positions. As the critical (for adenylate formation) linkage between the a- and b-phosphate was unaltered, AMP-PNP was a substrate for aminoacylation and yet has weaker activity than ATP (data n ...
... (Figure 1). (AMPPNP is an analog of ATP that has a phosphoramidate linkage between the b- and g-phosphate positions. As the critical (for adenylate formation) linkage between the a- and b-phosphate was unaltered, AMP-PNP was a substrate for aminoacylation and yet has weaker activity than ATP (data n ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.