as a PDF
... packed with mitochondria separated by stacks of sarcoplasmic reticulum and extensive T-tubules. Mitochondria within blue marlin heater cells occupy over 60% of the cell volume (Block, 1990). This tight mitochondrial packing, which is among the highest in the animal kingdom, implies that these cells ...
... packed with mitochondria separated by stacks of sarcoplasmic reticulum and extensive T-tubules. Mitochondria within blue marlin heater cells occupy over 60% of the cell volume (Block, 1990). This tight mitochondrial packing, which is among the highest in the animal kingdom, implies that these cells ...
PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION AND CELLULAR REGULATION, I by
... required high concentrations of 5’-AMP for activity whereas phosphorylase a was active in the absence of this nucleotide. Since the concentration of 5’-AMP required for the activity of phosphorylase b was considerably higher ’ than that found in muscle, this form was considered to be physiologically ...
... required high concentrations of 5’-AMP for activity whereas phosphorylase a was active in the absence of this nucleotide. Since the concentration of 5’-AMP required for the activity of phosphorylase b was considerably higher ’ than that found in muscle, this form was considered to be physiologically ...
Purification and Characterization of Chorismate
... from EPSP. The enzyme strictly requires a reduced flavin as cofactor, although no net change in redox state ofthe substrate is observed. Chorismate synthases have been purified and characterized from E. coli (25, 33), Neurospora crassa (32, 33), and Bacillus subtilis (18). Although chorismate syntha ...
... from EPSP. The enzyme strictly requires a reduced flavin as cofactor, although no net change in redox state ofthe substrate is observed. Chorismate synthases have been purified and characterized from E. coli (25, 33), Neurospora crassa (32, 33), and Bacillus subtilis (18). Although chorismate syntha ...
Structure and Gas-Phase Stability of Zn(II)—Molecule Complexes
... 2. The relative enthalpies and Gibbs energies of various isomeric complexes of the systems studied with respect to the most stable species are reported in Table 3. Both the neutral and deprotonated species were considered in several sets of complexes (Formulae). Optimization of complexes I and II (f ...
... 2. The relative enthalpies and Gibbs energies of various isomeric complexes of the systems studied with respect to the most stable species are reported in Table 3. Both the neutral and deprotonated species were considered in several sets of complexes (Formulae). Optimization of complexes I and II (f ...
Flux limitations in the ortho pathway of benzoate
... of benzoate was investigated. In batch culture, growth was exponential and growth rate (p) and yields ( Y ) were high [cc = 0.51 h-l and Y*nzoate = 056 mol carbon (mol carbon)-l] when low concentrations of benzoate (< 5 mM) were used. These kinetic parameters were close to the maxima determined in a ...
... of benzoate was investigated. In batch culture, growth was exponential and growth rate (p) and yields ( Y ) were high [cc = 0.51 h-l and Y*nzoate = 056 mol carbon (mol carbon)-l] when low concentrations of benzoate (< 5 mM) were used. These kinetic parameters were close to the maxima determined in a ...
CHAPTER 2 Nitric oxide inhibits glycogen synthesis in - UvA-DARE
... fromm proline oxidation, the effect of SNAP on the intracellular accumulation of glutamatee was tested. The level of this amino acid was not affected by SNAP, nor was proline-induccdd cell swelling (data not shown). Subsequently,, the effect of SNAP on the activity of glycogen synthase phosphatase a ...
... fromm proline oxidation, the effect of SNAP on the intracellular accumulation of glutamatee was tested. The level of this amino acid was not affected by SNAP, nor was proline-induccdd cell swelling (data not shown). Subsequently,, the effect of SNAP on the activity of glycogen synthase phosphatase a ...
“Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications of microbial polymalic and polyglutamic acids derivatives.”
... simply in terms of hydrophobicity. Furthermore, crystallinity present in the 18ATMA complexes should be taken as an additional factor contributing to hinder the water attack. This factor will operate only in complexes with n≥16, which is the minimum length required for side chain crystallization. Th ...
... simply in terms of hydrophobicity. Furthermore, crystallinity present in the 18ATMA complexes should be taken as an additional factor contributing to hinder the water attack. This factor will operate only in complexes with n≥16, which is the minimum length required for side chain crystallization. Th ...
Amino Acid Catabolism: N
... Treatment of deficiency of Urea Cycle enzymes (depends on which enzyme is deficient): limiting protein intake to the amount barely adequate to supply amino acids for growth, while adding to the diet the a-keto acid analogs of essential amino acids. Liver transplantation has also been used, sinc ...
... Treatment of deficiency of Urea Cycle enzymes (depends on which enzyme is deficient): limiting protein intake to the amount barely adequate to supply amino acids for growth, while adding to the diet the a-keto acid analogs of essential amino acids. Liver transplantation has also been used, sinc ...
Full-Text PDF
... unfavorable conditions [11–14]. This observation coupled with the wide metabolic diversity of SRB suggests their versatility in adapting to extreme pH and high temperature conditions, such as those present in seawater cooling tower systems and seawater injection pipelines used for oil recovery. SRBs ...
... unfavorable conditions [11–14]. This observation coupled with the wide metabolic diversity of SRB suggests their versatility in adapting to extreme pH and high temperature conditions, such as those present in seawater cooling tower systems and seawater injection pipelines used for oil recovery. SRBs ...
PDF
... Carbon dioxide fixation. The mixed culture JA12 has successfully been cultivated under autotrophic conditions [33]. Based on its genome sequence, “Ferrovum” strain JA12 is able to fix carbon dioxide via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle (Fig 2 and S3A Table). The genome contains two copies of ea ...
... Carbon dioxide fixation. The mixed culture JA12 has successfully been cultivated under autotrophic conditions [33]. Based on its genome sequence, “Ferrovum” strain JA12 is able to fix carbon dioxide via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle (Fig 2 and S3A Table). The genome contains two copies of ea ...
DANIELE GHEZZI Matr. N°. 708361 Identification and
... oxidation of pyruvate, fatty acids, and amino acids, by ubiquinone. It is a macromolecular structure composed of ≈45 subunits with a total molecular mass of 1000kDa (Carroll et al. 2006). Seven subunits are encoded by mtDNA, the others by nuclear genes. Complex II (Succinate-ubiquinone reductase) is ...
... oxidation of pyruvate, fatty acids, and amino acids, by ubiquinone. It is a macromolecular structure composed of ≈45 subunits with a total molecular mass of 1000kDa (Carroll et al. 2006). Seven subunits are encoded by mtDNA, the others by nuclear genes. Complex II (Succinate-ubiquinone reductase) is ...
Carbohydrate Storage and Synthesis in Liver and Muscle: Glycogen
... GLUT‐2 transporter – getting GLUCOSE in and out of cell ...
... GLUT‐2 transporter – getting GLUCOSE in and out of cell ...
Thermodynamic and Biophysical Characterization of Cytochrome P450
... structurally characterized P450 bsβ, which hydroxylates longchain fatty acids at the R/β positions. Substrates for P450 bsβ are the same as those for CYP102A2 and CYP102A3, but these flavocytochromes P450 hydroxylate (as does P450 BM3) close to the ω-end of the fatty acids (13, 14). P450bsβ appears ...
... structurally characterized P450 bsβ, which hydroxylates longchain fatty acids at the R/β positions. Substrates for P450 bsβ are the same as those for CYP102A2 and CYP102A3, but these flavocytochromes P450 hydroxylate (as does P450 BM3) close to the ω-end of the fatty acids (13, 14). P450bsβ appears ...
Dr. Walaa AL - Jedda – 2016 Metabolism of Glycogen Glycogen: is
... 2-Muscle glycogen on the other hand, is to act as readily available source of intermediates of glycolysis for provision of energy within the muscle itself. Muscle glycogen cannot directly contribute to blood glucose level. 3-Inherited deficiency of enzymes in the pathway of glycogen metabolism produ ...
... 2-Muscle glycogen on the other hand, is to act as readily available source of intermediates of glycolysis for provision of energy within the muscle itself. Muscle glycogen cannot directly contribute to blood glucose level. 3-Inherited deficiency of enzymes in the pathway of glycogen metabolism produ ...
Fulltext - Jultika
... succinate moiety of the substrate in the competent catalytic complex and therefore this structure has provided new information on the reaction mechanism of this class of enzymes. α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (Amacr) catalyzes the racemization of α-methyl-branched CoA esters. An Amacr homologue from the ...
... succinate moiety of the substrate in the competent catalytic complex and therefore this structure has provided new information on the reaction mechanism of this class of enzymes. α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (Amacr) catalyzes the racemization of α-methyl-branched CoA esters. An Amacr homologue from the ...
The Proposed Effects of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD
... regards to sporting performance. Oxygen’s role in aerobic respiration is to act as the final hydrogen/electron accepter to form water. If oxygen is not present the whole aerobic pathway cannot occur and so the body will rely on energy produced anaerobically. The question instantly raised is to wheth ...
... regards to sporting performance. Oxygen’s role in aerobic respiration is to act as the final hydrogen/electron accepter to form water. If oxygen is not present the whole aerobic pathway cannot occur and so the body will rely on energy produced anaerobically. The question instantly raised is to wheth ...
The Enolase Superfamily: A General Strategy for Enzyme
... enzyme alone. In particular, those features that are important for shared chemical steps can be distinguished from those that relate to the specific chemistry of an individual enzyme. This information can then be used to predict the functions of homologs of unknown function from their sequences alon ...
... enzyme alone. In particular, those features that are important for shared chemical steps can be distinguished from those that relate to the specific chemistry of an individual enzyme. This information can then be used to predict the functions of homologs of unknown function from their sequences alon ...
glucose
... the displacement of equilibrium. ATP delivery is facilitated through creatine kinase (CK), adenylate kinase (AK), and the glycolytic system, which includes hexokinase (Hex), pyruvate kinase (PK) and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). ADP is removed by CK, AK and PGK shuttles. Pi transfer is catalyzed ...
... the displacement of equilibrium. ATP delivery is facilitated through creatine kinase (CK), adenylate kinase (AK), and the glycolytic system, which includes hexokinase (Hex), pyruvate kinase (PK) and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). ADP is removed by CK, AK and PGK shuttles. Pi transfer is catalyzed ...
Agnieszka Kozieł Aerobic metabolism of human endothelial cells
... variety of specialised functions, which disturbances are implicated in the development of many cardiovascular diseases. In endothelial cells, the ATP synthesis occurs in a major part via a glycolytic pathway. The relatively slight dependence of endothelial cells on mitochondrial oxidative phosphoryl ...
... variety of specialised functions, which disturbances are implicated in the development of many cardiovascular diseases. In endothelial cells, the ATP synthesis occurs in a major part via a glycolytic pathway. The relatively slight dependence of endothelial cells on mitochondrial oxidative phosphoryl ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Biotin Conclusion and Discussion
... – biotin is attached by an amide linkage – carboxy terminus of biotin is linked to epsilon amino group of a specified lysine residue of apoenzyme – chain connecting biotin and apoenzyme is long and flexible • allows biotin to move from one active site to another • see figure 9.23 and 9.24a ...
... – biotin is attached by an amide linkage – carboxy terminus of biotin is linked to epsilon amino group of a specified lysine residue of apoenzyme – chain connecting biotin and apoenzyme is long and flexible • allows biotin to move from one active site to another • see figure 9.23 and 9.24a ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
... B) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them. C) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids. D) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane. E) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer. Answer: E Topic: 5.1 ...
... B) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them. C) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids. D) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane. E) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer. Answer: E Topic: 5.1 ...
Modelling malic acid accumulation in fruits: relationships
... accumulated essentially in the vacuoles of mesocarp cells that contain >85–90% of the total malic acid content (Yamaki, 1984). Malic acid can be synthesized in the fruit itself or supplied to the fruit by the phloem and xylem saps. However, the pH of the saps is above 5–6 in the xylem and above 7 in ...
... accumulated essentially in the vacuoles of mesocarp cells that contain >85–90% of the total malic acid content (Yamaki, 1984). Malic acid can be synthesized in the fruit itself or supplied to the fruit by the phloem and xylem saps. However, the pH of the saps is above 5–6 in the xylem and above 7 in ...
Module 3 Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids
... C. * Binds tightly to lipoamide sulfur atoms D. All of the above E. None of the above 17. ATP is a cosubstrate of the enzyme PFK-1. In most species ATP is also an inhibitor of PFK-1 at higher concentrations. This seems to violate Le Chatelier's Principle. Which statement below would provide a suita ...
... C. * Binds tightly to lipoamide sulfur atoms D. All of the above E. None of the above 17. ATP is a cosubstrate of the enzyme PFK-1. In most species ATP is also an inhibitor of PFK-1 at higher concentrations. This seems to violate Le Chatelier's Principle. Which statement below would provide a suita ...
Activation by Exercise of Human Skeletal Muscle Pyruvate
... activation plays an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism in exercise. The purpose of the present study was to examine the part played by pyruvate dehydrogenase activation in the control of energy metabolism in human skeletal muscle. We have measured the total activity of the pyruvat ...
... activation plays an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism in exercise. The purpose of the present study was to examine the part played by pyruvate dehydrogenase activation in the control of energy metabolism in human skeletal muscle. We have measured the total activity of the pyruvat ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.