Glycerol transport and phosphoenolpyruvate
... phosphoryl group to HPr when a rapidly metabolizable PTS substrate is present in the growth medium leading to dephosphorylation of the PTS proteins (Deutscher et al., 1993). Recently, His-232 of glycerol kinase from Ent. casseliflavus has been identified as the site of PEPdependent phosphorylation ( ...
... phosphoryl group to HPr when a rapidly metabolizable PTS substrate is present in the growth medium leading to dephosphorylation of the PTS proteins (Deutscher et al., 1993). Recently, His-232 of glycerol kinase from Ent. casseliflavus has been identified as the site of PEPdependent phosphorylation ( ...
novel aspects of carnitine function and metabolism
... It is generally assumed that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are oxidized in mitochondria independently from carnitine. However, the true contribution of the carnitine shuttle to the oxidation of MCFAs has remained elusive. We show that lauric acid, a MCFA, also depends on the carnitine shuttle to ...
... It is generally assumed that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are oxidized in mitochondria independently from carnitine. However, the true contribution of the carnitine shuttle to the oxidation of MCFAs has remained elusive. We show that lauric acid, a MCFA, also depends on the carnitine shuttle to ...
Investigating the Porphyrias Through Analysis of
... A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree ...
... A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree ...
Oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibits the hemolytic activity of Asp
... this toxin. The inhibitory effects of oxidized LDL increased with the time of Cu2 -induced LDL oxidation. Similar inhibition was observed in the filtrate which was separated from the incubation mixture of Asp-hemolysin with oxidized LDL (for 2 h of oxidation) following ultrafiltration through a mem ...
... this toxin. The inhibitory effects of oxidized LDL increased with the time of Cu2 -induced LDL oxidation. Similar inhibition was observed in the filtrate which was separated from the incubation mixture of Asp-hemolysin with oxidized LDL (for 2 h of oxidation) following ultrafiltration through a mem ...
Metabolic downregulation during diapause in embryos of Artemia
... dehydrogenase. Trehalose is the sole source of fuel in the embryos of A. franciscana, and hence downregulation of trehalose catabolism results in severe limitation of metabolic fuel available to the embryo during diapause. Western blot data demonstrates that pyruvate dehydrogenase becomes phosphoryl ...
... dehydrogenase. Trehalose is the sole source of fuel in the embryos of A. franciscana, and hence downregulation of trehalose catabolism results in severe limitation of metabolic fuel available to the embryo during diapause. Western blot data demonstrates that pyruvate dehydrogenase becomes phosphoryl ...
Analysis and engineering of acetyl
... bfft also of compensatory back-ffp pathflays that become actifie flhen the mechanisms that carry the majority of the ffffi in flild-type cells are inactifiated by genetic modi cation or by changing process conditions. Chapter 4 therefore infiestigates alternatifie reactions at the interface of glycolysis and TC ...
... bfft also of compensatory back-ffp pathflays that become actifie flhen the mechanisms that carry the majority of the ffffi in flild-type cells are inactifiated by genetic modi cation or by changing process conditions. Chapter 4 therefore infiestigates alternatifie reactions at the interface of glycolysis and TC ...
A plant vacuolar system : the lutoïds from Hevea brasiliensis latex
... medium according to their nature (BRZOZOWSKA et al., 1974). So it is that the basic amino acids (Arg, Om, Lys, y-aminobutyric acid, etc) are accumulated from 5 to 20 times in the interior of the lutoids, while acid and neutral amino acids are 3 times more concentrated in the cytoplasm (tab. I). Such ...
... medium according to their nature (BRZOZOWSKA et al., 1974). So it is that the basic amino acids (Arg, Om, Lys, y-aminobutyric acid, etc) are accumulated from 5 to 20 times in the interior of the lutoids, while acid and neutral amino acids are 3 times more concentrated in the cytoplasm (tab. I). Such ...
PRODUCTION OF PYRUVATE AND LACTATE BY
... Pyruvic acid and lactic acid are two of the most widely used organic acids in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries (Li et al. 2001, Wasewar et al. 2004, Narayanan et al. 2004). Pyruvic acid, also known as 2-oxopropanoic acid, α-ketopropionic acid or acetylformic acid, is one of the most ...
... Pyruvic acid and lactic acid are two of the most widely used organic acids in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries (Li et al. 2001, Wasewar et al. 2004, Narayanan et al. 2004). Pyruvic acid, also known as 2-oxopropanoic acid, α-ketopropionic acid or acetylformic acid, is one of the most ...
Catalytic Mechanism and Regulation of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclases
... cAMP is a key player in the intracellular signaling pathways of hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants, and chemokines. By activating PKA and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, this protean second messenger can change cellular attributes as diverse as the membrane potential and the rate of cell di ...
... cAMP is a key player in the intracellular signaling pathways of hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants, and chemokines. By activating PKA and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, this protean second messenger can change cellular attributes as diverse as the membrane potential and the rate of cell di ...
Systematic metabolic analysis of recombinant Pichia pastoris UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA
... Nutrients are transported through the cell membrane using different mechanism in order to be available to be catabolised. Once there are inside, these nutrients are the precursors to generate all the energy and reducing power to synthesize all the cell components required. The metabolic pathways ens ...
... Nutrients are transported through the cell membrane using different mechanism in order to be available to be catabolised. Once there are inside, these nutrients are the precursors to generate all the energy and reducing power to synthesize all the cell components required. The metabolic pathways ens ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Research Centers
... phosphorylation of the 2’ phosphate group of the ribose moiety The functional difference is that NAD+ is usually associated with catabolic reactions and NADP+ is usually associated with anabolic reactions Therefore often NAD+ and NADPH are reactants and NADH and NADP+ are ...
... phosphorylation of the 2’ phosphate group of the ribose moiety The functional difference is that NAD+ is usually associated with catabolic reactions and NADP+ is usually associated with anabolic reactions Therefore often NAD+ and NADPH are reactants and NADH and NADP+ are ...
Chapter 10 Slides
... – osteoclasts tear down bone tissue – osteoblasts build it back up • Osteoclasts function by secreting acid into the space between the osteoclast membrane and the bone surface - acid dissolves the Caphosphate matrix of the bone • An ATP-driven proton pump in the membrane does this! ...
... – osteoclasts tear down bone tissue – osteoblasts build it back up • Osteoclasts function by secreting acid into the space between the osteoclast membrane and the bone surface - acid dissolves the Caphosphate matrix of the bone • An ATP-driven proton pump in the membrane does this! ...
The MDR ATPase - mustafaaltinisik.org.uk
... – osteoclasts tear down bone tissue – osteoblasts build it back up • Osteoclasts function by secreting acid into the space between the osteoclast membrane and the bone surface - acid dissolves the Caphosphate matrix of the bone • An ATP-driven proton pump in the membrane does this! ...
... – osteoclasts tear down bone tissue – osteoblasts build it back up • Osteoclasts function by secreting acid into the space between the osteoclast membrane and the bone surface - acid dissolves the Caphosphate matrix of the bone • An ATP-driven proton pump in the membrane does this! ...
Substrate Specificity of Tonin from Rat Submaxillary Gland
... Phe-His-Leu, as the enzymatic binding site for angiotensin I-converting enzyme in vivo and in vitro." In contrast to the situation with angiotensin I-converting enzyme, tonin does not hydrolyze any of the shorter peptides related to the C-terminal sequence of angiotensin I until a chain length of ei ...
... Phe-His-Leu, as the enzymatic binding site for angiotensin I-converting enzyme in vivo and in vitro." In contrast to the situation with angiotensin I-converting enzyme, tonin does not hydrolyze any of the shorter peptides related to the C-terminal sequence of angiotensin I until a chain length of ei ...
Clinical Study The Relationship between
... A higher oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coenzyme Q10 concentration and lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities and the risk of CAD. Patients who were identified by ...
... A higher oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coenzyme Q10 concentration and lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities and the risk of CAD. Patients who were identified by ...
Fat-Soluble Vitamins Guide
... of vitamin K deficiency include easy brisability, epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding, menorrhagia and hameturia. ...
... of vitamin K deficiency include easy brisability, epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding, menorrhagia and hameturia. ...
Unsaturated and Odd-Chain Fatty Acid Catabolism
... organelles can carry out β-oxidation such as the peroxisomes and the glyoxysomes. Peroxisomes are organelles that carry out flavin dependent oxidation reactions that produce highly reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes are abundant in liver and kidney tissues. Each liver cel ...
... organelles can carry out β-oxidation such as the peroxisomes and the glyoxysomes. Peroxisomes are organelles that carry out flavin dependent oxidation reactions that produce highly reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes are abundant in liver and kidney tissues. Each liver cel ...
Title Biotin Biosynthesis in Microorganisms (Commemoration Issue
... INTRODUCTION Biotin, or vitamin H, can be synthesized by a great number of microorganisms, while some organisms which cannot synthesize biotin require it for growth. It is also well known that biotin widely distributes in plant and animal tissues. Main biochemical function of biotin is as the cofact ...
... INTRODUCTION Biotin, or vitamin H, can be synthesized by a great number of microorganisms, while some organisms which cannot synthesize biotin require it for growth. It is also well known that biotin widely distributes in plant and animal tissues. Main biochemical function of biotin is as the cofact ...
Purification and characterization of pyruvate decarboxylase from
... Enzyme assay. Pyruvate decarboxylase activity was determined aerobically at 37 "C in a 1 ml reaction mixture containing 0.1 M-sodium hydrogen maleate buffer (pH 6.5), 30 mM-pyruvate, 0.1 mM-thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), 0.1 ~ M - M ~ S O0.3 , , mM-NADH and 15 units alcohol dehydrogenase. The waveleng ...
... Enzyme assay. Pyruvate decarboxylase activity was determined aerobically at 37 "C in a 1 ml reaction mixture containing 0.1 M-sodium hydrogen maleate buffer (pH 6.5), 30 mM-pyruvate, 0.1 mM-thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), 0.1 ~ M - M ~ S O0.3 , , mM-NADH and 15 units alcohol dehydrogenase. The waveleng ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide homeostasis and
... has been extensively studied in the context of cardiac ageing and HF, much less is known on the homeostatic regulation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) despite its major role as a coenzyme of oxidoreduction reactions in the energy metabolism. Oxidation of glucose and fatty acids lead t ...
... has been extensively studied in the context of cardiac ageing and HF, much less is known on the homeostatic regulation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) despite its major role as a coenzyme of oxidoreduction reactions in the energy metabolism. Oxidation of glucose and fatty acids lead t ...
The activity and kinetic properties of cellulases in substrates
... The CMCase activity of the purified cellulase (cellulaseⅡ) was not significantly affected (the relative enzyme activities ranged from 99.11 ± 0.7 ~ 101.1 ± 0.99%) by natrium at the determined concentrations. The effect of Na+ on cellulase was weak. The activity of cellulase were reduced only to 2% w ...
... The CMCase activity of the purified cellulase (cellulaseⅡ) was not significantly affected (the relative enzyme activities ranged from 99.11 ± 0.7 ~ 101.1 ± 0.99%) by natrium at the determined concentrations. The effect of Na+ on cellulase was weak. The activity of cellulase were reduced only to 2% w ...
Chapter 1 - York University
... so it is evident that hydrogen transfer cannot occur without electron transfer. The movement of electrons in Equation 1.2 is less obvious. It occurs because oxygen is an element which attracts electrons more strongly than carbon and accordingly the electrons in CO2 are displaced, to some extent, tow ...
... so it is evident that hydrogen transfer cannot occur without electron transfer. The movement of electrons in Equation 1.2 is less obvious. It occurs because oxygen is an element which attracts electrons more strongly than carbon and accordingly the electrons in CO2 are displaced, to some extent, tow ...
GLYCOGENOLYSIS AND GLYCOLYSIS IN MUSCLE
... Figure 5-6 Transverse sections of skeletal muscle from a rodent, incubated for myofibrillarATPase at pH 10.3. Panel (a) is a section from the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, which is composed primarily of fibers that have high glycolytic capacity. Note the high proportion of dark-appearing f ...
... Figure 5-6 Transverse sections of skeletal muscle from a rodent, incubated for myofibrillarATPase at pH 10.3. Panel (a) is a section from the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, which is composed primarily of fibers that have high glycolytic capacity. Note the high proportion of dark-appearing f ...
Biochemical studies of enzymes in insect cuticle hardening
... and the pathway of insect taurine biosynthesis. Cysteine was found to be an inactivator of several PLP-dependent decarboxylases, such as ADC, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and CSADC. This study helps to understand symptoms associated with the abnormal cysteine concentrations in several neurodegener ...
... and the pathway of insect taurine biosynthesis. Cysteine was found to be an inactivator of several PLP-dependent decarboxylases, such as ADC, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and CSADC. This study helps to understand symptoms associated with the abnormal cysteine concentrations in several neurodegener ...
Enzyme Inhibition and Bioapplications
... proposed on proteolysis in isolated lysosomes to establish the mechanism of degradation and proteolysis inhibition. Further, role of lysosomal enzymes is proposed for liver regeneration and recovery after nitroimidazole treatment. The emerging state of art is presented on role of enzyme inhibition i ...
... proposed on proteolysis in isolated lysosomes to establish the mechanism of degradation and proteolysis inhibition. Further, role of lysosomal enzymes is proposed for liver regeneration and recovery after nitroimidazole treatment. The emerging state of art is presented on role of enzyme inhibition i ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.