Download AP Biology Study Guide Name____________________ Per

AP Biology Study Guide
Name____________________
CELLS
Magnification
transmission electron microscope
scanning electron microscope
prokaryotic cells
nuclear membrane
ribosomes
lysosomes
mitochondria
plastids
cytoplasm
grana
microfilaments
resolving power
cilia
cell fractionation
eukaryotic cells
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
endosymbiotic hypothesis
intermembrane space
chloroplasts
thylakoids
vacuoles
cytoskeleton
light microscope
organelles
nucleus
nucleoli
cytosol
peroxisomes
basal bodies
flagella
microtubules
centrioles
myosin
actin
Answer the following questions:
1. For each of the organelles listed below, describe its structure; give a major function;
indicate whether it is surrounded by a single membrane, a double membrane, or no
membrane; and state whether it is found in plant, animal, or bacterial cells (a well
designed table is acceptable).
nucleus
nucleolus
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
mitochondria
lysosome
plastids
vacuole
microtubules
microfilaments
Golgi apparatus
centriole
basal bodies
cilia and flagella
2. Discuss four differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3. Describe the endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of the eukaryotic cells and
give three lines of evidence for the validity of this hypothesis.
4. Using diagrams, describe the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Explain the roles
of each organelle involved in each process.
5. Describe the components of the "endomembrane system". List one example of how
these components function together as a unit.
6. Describe the structure and role of the cytoskeleton.
7. Describe the structure of cilia and flagella and how these structures allow for cell movement.
8. Describe the various types of cell junctions in both plant and animal cells.
AP Biology Study Guide
Name____________________ Per __
MEMBRANES
diffusion
selectively permeable
osmotic potential
hypotonic
plasma membrane
permease
facilitated diffusion
electrochemical gradient
membrane pump
sodium-potassium pump
phagocytosis
pseudopodia
water potential
osmosis
osmotic concentration
hypertonic
isotonic
fluid-mosaic model
membrane channel
electrostatic gradient
receptor
active transport
endocytosis
pinocytosis
exocytosis
Answer the following questions:
1. Describe the process of osmosis and explain the relationship between osmosis and diffusion.
How is the net movement of water through a membrane in osmosis related to the
concentration of solute molecules?
2. Define the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic. Explain what would happen to an
animal cell and a plant cell placed in a hypertonic medium and to an animal cell and a plant
cell placed in a hypotonic medium.
3. Construct a diagram and describe the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane. In your
description, point out the phospholipid molecules, and indicate the hydrophobic and
hydrophilic portions; point out the proteins that span the interior of the membrane and those
that are confined to the surface; indicate the role of the cholesterol molecules, and explain
why lateral movement of molecules within the membrane is possible. List substances to
which the membrane is relatively permeable, and those to which it is relatively impermeable.
4. Describe the role that permeases (proteins) play in moving material through membranes.
5. Construct a diagram and explain how an electrochemical gradient can be generated across a
membrane and what is meant by an electrochemical gradient.
6. Distinguish between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Indicate the
role of these processes in the life of the cell.
7. Using diagrams, describe the processes of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and
exocytosis, explaining the role of these processes in transporting substances into and out of
the cell.
8. Explain the concept of water potential and its importance to plant cells.