* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download NSC 201/BCS 240 Basic Neurobiology
Artificial general intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Multielectrode array wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Subventricular zone wikipedia , lookup
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Neuromarketing wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Neuroethology wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
NSC 201/BCS 240 Basic Neurobiology Time: MWF 10:25–11:15 AM Room: Lower Strong Auditorium techspecie.com Course Director: Dr. Kevin Davis Office: Meliora Hall room 303E Office hours: MF 3-4 PM [email protected] Co-Instructor / Teaching Assistants Co-Instructor: Dr. Ian Dickerson [email protected] Graduate TAs: Holly Beaulac [email protected] Patrick Miller-Rhodes [email protected] Undergrad TAs: George Albert [email protected] Adil Ali [email protected] Shon Koren [email protected] Course organization Textbook: Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain Bears, Connors, Paradiso, 4th edition Course website: https://learn.rochester.edu www.bcs.rochester.edu/courses/240.html Exams: 4 midterms and 1 optional comprehensive final Grading: 25% for each exam • • • • • A AB+ B B- 93-100 90-92 87-89 83-86 80-82 Syllabus 1. Neuroanatomy • cell biology • structure of the nervous system • neurodevelopment 2. Neurophysiology • neuronal membranes • synaptic transmission 3. Sensory and Motor Systems • mechanisms of perception • control of movement 4. Brain and Behavior • sleep-wake cycle • internal regulation • learning and memory Neurobiology Neurobiology is the study of cells of the nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior. It is a sub-discipline of both biology and neuroscience. Changing Views of the Brain Galen Ancient Egypt Roman Empire ~3000 BC ~200 AD Prehistory ~1 million BC 1949 AD ~7000 BC ~400 BC ~1600 AD Trepanation Ancient Greece Renaissance Hippocrates Descartes Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System Old: nervous system is homogeneous New: nervous system is heterogeneous • central and peripheral components • central composed of grey and white matter 1894 Frank Nissl: basic dyes stain the nuclei of all cells as well as clumps surrounding the nuclei of neurons • cerebrum shows pattern of bumps/grooves Structure-function relationships? Nerves as Wires Old: Nerves are tubes that move fluid New: nerves are “wires” that conduct electrical signals 1751 Ben Franklin Experiments and Observations on Electricity 1800 Luigi Galvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond • Electrical stimulation of nerves causes muscle movement 1810 Charles Bell and Francois Magendie • Dorsal roots of spinal cord carry sensory information into brain • Ventral roots: information out to muscles Localization of Function in the Brain Old: All parts of brain participate in all functions New: functions are localized 1823 Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens • Cerebrum: sensation/perception • Cerebellum: motor coordination 1861 Paul Broca The left frontal lobe is responsible for the production of speech Broca Evolution of the Nervous System Old: nervous systems in different species are distinct New: nervous systems of different species evolved from common ancestors by natural selection 1859 Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species • Common behaviors: common mechanisms • Specialized traits: specialized mechanisms Darwin The Neuron Doctrine 1 Old: nerves are continuous (reticular theory) New: nerve cells are separate, distinct entities (neuron doctrine) Early 1800s Microscopes First opportunity to examine tissue at high magnification 1839 Theodore Schwann All tissues are composed of microscopic units called cells Schwann The Neuron Doctrine 2 Old: nerves are continuous (reticular theory) New: nerve cells are separate, distinct entities (neuron doctrine) 1873 Camillo Golgi Soaked brains in a silver chromate solution a small percentage of neurons become darkly colored in their entirety (based on complexity, argued for reticular formation) 1900 Santiago Ramon y Cajal Using Golgi methods, drew/worked out circuitry in many regions of the brain (advocate of neuron doctrine) Cajal Golgi The Neuron Doctrine 3 Old: nerves are continuous (reticular theory) New: nerve cells are separate, distinct entities (neuron doctrine) 1950s Electron microscope Uses an electron beam instead of light to form images; resolution 0.1nm (1 million times better than naked eye; 1 thousand x light) neurons in contact, not continuity (the neuron doctrine wins!) History of Modern Neuroscience The history of modern neuroscience is still being written. Levels of analysis: • molecular neuroscience • cellular neuroscience • systems neuroscience • behavioral neuroscience • cognitive neuroscience Use of animals and humans in neuroscience research • ensure experiments are worthwhile and well-planned • eliminate or minimize pain and distress • all possible alternatives considered first Interested in Doing Research? Apply to the University of Rochester Undergraduate Placement Program (UR-UPP) • A survey of students revealed that >80% would like additional resources from the University to help them gain research experience. UR-UPP was created to help meet that need. • UR‐UPP is designed to • Help students connect with potential research mentors/projects • Orient students to the research environment (set realistic expectations) • Arrange for some basic training to increase their marketability and likelihood of success in finding and carrying out undergraduate research. • We have a network of labs and clinical research groups willing to mentor UR-UPP students • Sign up today for more information • Applications due by Sunday, September 4. • Contact UR-UPP coordinator Michael Bonanni with questions [email protected]