Download Genetic Technology 13.1 and 13.2 notes

Do Now:
IF YOU COULD, WHAT TRAITS WOULD
answer the following question in the first section of Outline 13.1.
YOU Please
COMBINE
TO MAKE YOUR OWN
UNIQUE PET? WHY WOULD YOU
WANT THESE TRAITS FOR YOUR PET?
SOME TRAITS THAT BREEDERS MAY
WANT TO SELECT FOR IN THESE
ORGANISMS.
GENETIC TECHNOLOGY
13.1 AND 13.2 NOTES
Pgs 337-348
RECALL: MEIOSIS
• Process that separates homologous chromosomes in a first
division then separates sister chromatids in a second
division.
• Meiosis provides for Genetic Variation
-Crossing Over
-Random lining up of chromosomes during metaphase
-Nondisjunction
• But can we control it?
SELECTIVE BREEDING
• Definition: the choosing of plants/animals with the most desired
traits to serve as parents of the next generation.
• Requires time, patience and several generations.
• Examples: Milk production in cattle, planting seeds from the
juiciest berries.
SELECTIVE BREEDING
• Results in an increase of the frequency (percentage) of the
desired allele of a gene in a population.
• Examples– inbreeding, crossbreeding
TEST CROSS
• The cross of an individual with unknown genotype with an
individual of known genotype (ideally recessive).
• Purpose: to help determine which organisms will have the
greatest chances of passing on desired traits.
13.2 RECOMBINANT DNA
TECHNOLOGY
GENETIC ENGINEERING
• Advantages: faster more reliable method for increasing allele
frequency.
• Also called recombinant DNA technology.
• Making Transgenic Organisms (3 step process)
1- cut DNA fragments
2- connect DNA fragment to carrier (vector).
3- insert DNA fragment and carrier into new organism.
• Transgenic = “across” “race”. A transgenic organism contains
genes from another species.
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
• Cuts DNA strands into pieces.
• Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific sequence.
Example – EcoRI  G A A T T C
(only this sequence)
CTTAA G
• Two types of cuts: blunt end and sticky end.
• If you wanted to make five different cuts in DNA, how many
restriction enzymes would you need?
5
STICKY V.S. BLUNT END CUTS
• Sticky Ends – type of cut resulting from a palindromic* cut
through the middle of the nitrogen bases of DNA.
• Blunt Ends – type of cut resulting from cutting straight
through both strands of the DNA.
• * palindrome – sequence of letters are the same both
forwards and backwards ex. Racecar, wow
VECTORS
• Vectors – the carrier of recombinant DNA.
1. Biological – bacteria plasmid or viruses
2. Mechanical – micropipette, metal bullet
•
In the transgenic tobacco plant, the light producing firefly DNA was
inserted into bacterial DNA before being placed inside the plant.
• Plasmids – small ring of bacterial DNA that is cleaved (cut)
with the same restriction enzyme used for the DNA
fragment.
• This allows the DNA fragment to be attached to the plasmid.
CLONES
• Gene Clone: Once you have recombinant DNA it can be inserted
into a cell where it can replicate to produce copies (or clones) of
itself.
• Animal clones: all of the DNA from one cell of the desired animal
is inserted into an egg cell (that the DNA has been removed
from).
-The egg cell than undergoes mitosis and eventually develops into a
new organism with the desired organism’s DNA.
• Polymerase chain reaction: A way of replicating or cloning DNA
outside of a living organism. (PCR)
APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY
• Industry: Modifying E Coli to produce indigo
dye for blue jeans.
• Medicine: Used in production of human
growth hormone to treat pituitary dwarfism.
• Agriculture: crops developed that are
better tasting, protected from disease and
stay fresh longer.
REVIEW
1. What is a vector? Give an example of a vector.
2. In selective breeding, what happens to the desired allele in
a population?
3. Which is a faster method is faster and more reliable:
selective breeding or genetic engineering?