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Transcript
Principles of Biology - Biology 110 Lake Tahoe Community College Intro to Cell and Molecular Biology Instructor: Sue Kloss _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ch. 4 - Introduction to Cells/Organelles, Structure, Movement ________________________________________________________________________________________ I. Introduction to cells A. Cell size relates to function B. Natural limits on cell size C. Prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) most are 2 - 8 um in length D. Eukaryotic cells avg. about 20 - 80 um in length 1. Variety of structures in cytoplasm 2. organelles 3. cellular metabolism - occur in organelles or on surfaces 4. partitioning 5. Eukaryotic cells have about 10x the diameter of prokaryotes, 6. Plant and Animal cell differences Both have Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER Ribosomes Peroxisome Cytoskeleton Plasma membrane Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Only Animal Cells (some exceptions) Lysosomes Flagella Centriole Only Plant Cells Cell Wall Central vacuole Chloroplast E. Membrane structure and function 1. fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins 2. selectively permeable III. Eukaryotic cells - Organelles of the Endomembrane system A. Nucleus - genetic control center 1. chromatin 2. chromosomes 3. nuclear envelope 4. nucleolus B. Endomembrane system 1. many organelles work together in synthesis, storage and export of imp. molecules C. Endoplasmic reticulum Continuous membrane constitutes: 1. rough er - studded with ribosomes; 2. smooth er C. Golgi apparatus - close partner to ER D. Lysosomes (Gr. - breakdown body) 1. produced by ER and Golgi apparatus 2. consists of hydrolytic enzymes (Digestive) in a membranous sack 3digestive functions E. Vacuoles function in genl IV. Organelles that convert energy A. Chloroplasts - convert light to chemical energy in plants and some protists and algae B. Mitochondria - convert chemical energy from one form to another e.g. food to ATP 1. ATP main currency 2. 2 membranes 3. mitochondrial matrix V. Cytoskeleton - meshwork of fine fibers for structure and movement A. Microfilaments 1. help cells change shape 2. interact w. other proteins B. Intermediate filaments - varied group 1. act as reinforcing rods 2. hold certain organelles in place C. Microtubules -straight hollow tubes VI. Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend A. Cilia - short numerous appendages B. Flagella - longer less numerous for propulsion VII. Cell Surfaces and Junctions A. Cell walls in plants B. Cell junctions connect one cell to another 1. Plasmodesmata in plants 2. () Extracellular matrix in animal cells - Homework Questions/Lesson Objectives for Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Define cell theory. 2. Explain why cell size and shape varies. 3. Explain why there are both upper and lower limit to cell size. 4. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 5. Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells. 6. Compare the structures of plant and animal cells. 7. Describe the structures and functions of the organelles of the endomembrane system - the nucleus, endomembrane system, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. 8. Compare the structures and functions of the energy converting organelles - mitochondria and chloroplasts. 9. Compare the structures and functions of cytoskeleton structures - microfilaments and microtubules. 10. Explain how structures of cilia and flagella relate to their functions. 11. Compare structures of cell surfaces and intracellular junctions in animals and plants.