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Chapter 13 ~ VOCABULARY
Vocabulary
Definition
Picture
Clone
Hybridization
Genetic Marker
Plasmid
Inbreeding
Recombiant DNA
Polyploidy
Transgenic
Selective Breeding
Chapter 13.1 ~ Changing the Living World
Selective Breeding and Hybridization
Selective Breeding
–___________________________ only those organisms with desired characteristics
to ______________________________
Domestic animals (purebreds) such as dogs and horses are the result of
_________________________________________________
Hybridization
–__________________________________________________ individuals to bring
together best of both organisms
–Often ___________________________________________ than either parent
Inbreeding
Continued breeding of individuals with ________________________________________
–_____________________________________ characteristics
Dog and horse breeders use this method
Risks:
–Organisms are _____________________________________________________
Chance of recessive alleles for genetic defects more prevalent
–Blindness and joint deformities in dogs
–Foal death in Arab foals
Increasing Variation
Selective breeding not possible without wide variations in natural populations
Sometimes want more variations than are possible
–Can _____________________________________
______________________________________________ by inducing
_________________________________________ (the ultimate source of variation)
–Can occur spontaneously
–Can use radiation and chemicals to produce them
Producing New Kinds of ________________________________________________
Induced mutations work in bacteria as well
Used to produce hundreds of strains of helpful bacteria
–Includes _____________________________________________- used in oil spill
cleanup
Chapter 13.2/13.3 ~ Manipulating DNA
Tools of Molecular Biology
•_________________________________________________________:
–Making ____________________________ in the ______________________ code
of living organisms
–Uses:
•__________________________________________
•Cutting DNA
•Separating DNA
Tools of Molecular Biology
•DNA Extraction:
–Simple chemical procedure
•Cells opened
•______________________________________ from other cell parts
•Cutting DNA
• Use ______________________ ________________________
• Cuts DNA at specific sequences
• DNA from one organism that is spliced into the DNA of another is called
________________________ DNA
•Separating DNA
–Use ____________________________________________________________
•Mix DNA fragments placed in gel
•Power source turned on
•DNA molecules have _____________________________ charge
–So move to positive end
•______________________ fragments travel ______________________ than
larger ones
–Used to compare gene composition of two individuals or separate one gene from
another
Restriction Enzyme Animation
http://www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/restriction.html
Cell Transformation
_______________________________________ then putting it back into a living cell and
having it work
This process was done by a scientist named Griffith.
Transforming Bacteria
________________________________ spliced into circular DNA of bacteria known as
__________________________________
–Has DNA sequence that promotes plasmid replication
–Have __________________________________________________ that let
researchers identify which bacteria carry the recombinant DNA and which ones don’t
Chapter 13.4 ~ Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Genetic Engineering
•Can the genes from plants and animals work in each other?
–_______________
–The basic mechanisms of gene expression are shared by both plants
and animals
Transgenic Organisms
•Transgenic- contain ______________________________ from other species
•Same techniques are used to _______________________________________ from one
species into another
Transgenic ______________________________________________
•Because they grow quickly they are used to produce many beneficial substances:
–Insulin
–Growth hormone
–Clotting factor
Transgenic Animals / Plants
•Animals
–Used for:
•__________________________________________________________
•Improve food supply
•Produce faster growing, leaner meats
•Study of diseases on human immune system
•Plants
–_______________________________________________________________
•Resistant to weed killers
Cloning
•A member of a population of ________________________________________________
•Microorganisms easy to grow
•More difficult in multicellular organisms
Cloning
•1997
•Ian Wilmut cloned a ________________________________________
•Procedure:
–Nucleus of egg cell removed
–Body cell from donor is fused with the nucleus
–Fused cell begins to divide
–Embryo placed in uterus of foster mother
•Animals that have been cloned: cows, pigs, sheep, mice,cats
•Controversial ~ animals may suffer….
•Genetic deformities, health problems
Guided Readings
13-1 Changing the Living World
1. Name two breeds of dog mentioned in the first paragraph: ______________________________________
2. What process resulted in all the different breeds of dogs? ______________________________________
3. Define hybridization: ___________________________________________________________________
4. The continued breeding of individuals with the same characteristics is called_______________________
5. What is the risk of inbreeding? ____________________________________________________________
6. Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing ____________________________
7. Describe a type of bacteria that has been mutated to be useful:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. A polyploidy plant has many sets of ________________________________________________
9. Give an example of a polyploidy plant:__________________________________________________
13-2 Manipulating DNA
1. DNA can be manipulated by using different techniques are used to
a. extract DNA from cells
b. ________________________________________________________
c. identify sequences of bases
d. _________________________________________________________
2. DNA can be extracted from cells using a simple ______________________ procedure.
3. A _________________________
4. ________________________
______________________ is used to cut DNA into small fragments.
___________________________ is used to separate DNA.
5. What happens when an electric current is applied to DNA fragments? ___________________________
6. The enzyme that copies DNA is called DNA __________________________________________
7. Dye is added to the unknown sequence of DNA, each base then has a different ___________________ and
a different length.
8. Recombinant DNA molecules include natural DNA and ______________________________ DNA.
9. The polymerase chain reaction is used to do what? ________________________________________
10. DNA polymerase makes copies of DNA between the ____________________________________
11. Where did the enzyme used in PCR come from? _______________________________________
13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
1. What does luciferase do? ___________________________________________
2. Luciferase was added to what plant? ____________________________
3. What is a transgenic organism? ________________________________________________________
4. Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of ____________________________, which is a new
industry that is changing the way we _________________________ with the living world.
5. Name three substances that are made by transformed bacteria to help treat human disorders:
___________________________________________________________________________________
6. In order to study the immune system, what animal was given human genes? ______________
7. Extra copies of growth hormone were given to what animal? _____________
8. Name two crops in the United States that are genetically modified: ______________________________
9. What has been added to rice to improve its nutrition? __________________________
Cloning
10. A ________________ is a member of a population of genetically identical cells.
11. In 1997, what was the first animal ever cloned? _______________________ What was the name given
to this animal? ________________________
12. Why is cloning technology controversial?
___________________________________________________
13. Label (Figure 13-13)
A:
B.
C.
D.
_________________________________________________
________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
14. The fused cell becomes the______________________________ which is implanted into the uterus
of a foster mother.
15. The baby (cloned lamb) will look like the [original cell donor / foster mother / egg donor ]
DNA Virtual Extraction
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/
1. How much DNA is in each nucleus in our cells?
2. Why would you want to extract DNA from a cell for the purpose of
studying genetic disorders and/or analyzing forensics evidence?
3. What cells were collected for the DNA extraction virtual lab?
4. What are the four steps that we undergo in this virtual lab to isolate DNA?
5. Define Lysis and where does this word originate from?
6. What does the detergent do to the cell wall?
7. What is the purpose of a histone?
8. What is the purpose of the salt?
9. What is the purpose of the microcentrifuge?
10. What is located at the bottom of the tube after it has been centrigfuged?
11. Is DNA soluable ( able to mix in ) with the isopropyl alcohol?
12. During the second time in the centrifuge, what sinks to the bottom?
Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/
1. What is gel electrophoresis?
2. What lengths were the DNA cut into on the second slide?
3. Can the DNA molecules be seen using a compound microscope?
4. What other molecules can you use gel electrophoresis for?
5. What is the gel in gel electrophoresis compared to?
6. What do you place in the holes at the end of the gel?
7. What is the electrical charge at the beginning portion of the gel and at the
end of the gel?
8. Which strands move fastest through the gel? Which move slowest?
9. How do you make the end product visible to the naked eye?
10. When could this process be used in our society on a day to day basis?
Ch. 13 ~ Study Guide
1. Define genetic engineering: __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Define selective breeding: ___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Give an example of selective breeding: _________________________________________
4. Hybridization is the crossing _________________________________ organisms to bring
together __________________ of both organisms.
5. What are the risks of inbreeding? ______________________________________________
6. Scientists can increase genetic variation by inducing ______________________________ (the
ultimate source of variation).
7. When organisms have double or triple the number of normal chromosomes, this is called
_______________________________.
8. What process do we use to separate fragments of DNA? ___________________________.
9. DNA from one organism that is spliced into the DNA of another is called
_________________________________________________.
10. Who was the scientist who infected mice with the pneumonia bacteria? ______________.
11. What is a centrifuge? (HINT: look at one of your virtual labs) ______________________
_______________________________________________________________________
12. Define the term “transgenic” and give an example: _______________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
13. Describe what a clone is.____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
14. Is a twin a clone? _________________________________________________________
15. Describe the process of cloning (HINT: in your notes) _____________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________