* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download ANSWERS - midterm study guide
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Neocentromere wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Review for Biology Midterm Spring 2014 Meiosis 1. Complete the meiosis table below. Name each stage, and include a description of what occurs in each stage. PROPHASE 1 – NUC MEM DISAPPEARS, SPINDLE FIBERS FORM, CENTRIOLES MOVE METAPHASE 1 – CHROMSOMES LINE UP AS PAIRS TELOPHASE 2 ANAPHASE 2 – CHROMATIDS ARE PULLED APART ANAPHASE 1 – CHROMOSOME PAIRS SEPARATE/APART METAPHASE 2 – CHROMSOMES LINE UP IN THE MIDDLE TELOPHASE 1 – 2 CELLS PROPHASE 2 2. D define sister chromatid, centromere, tetrad. SISTER CHROMATID – ½ OF A COPIED CHROMSOME, CENTROMERE –SISTER CHROMATIDS CONNECT AT THE CENTROMERE, TETRAD – 4 CHROMATIDS LINED UP ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Contrast haploid cell and diploid cells. HAPLOID – HALF THE CHROMSOMES (23) DIPLOID – WHOLE NUMBER CHROMOSOMES (46) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Which types of cells are haploid and which kind of cells are diploid? SEX CELLS (23), BODY CELLS (46) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What process keeps the chromosome number the same and which process reduces it? _MITOSIS KEEPS THE NUMBER THE SAME, MEIOSIS REDUCES THE NUMBER BY HALF ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. When does crossing over occur, and what is the benefit of it? PROPHASE 1 – INCREASES GENETIC VARIETY/VARIATIONS ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Contrast plant and animal cytokinesis. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. How does meiosis contribute to an increase in genetic variability? CROSSING OVER ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ DNA 1. Where in the cell is the DNA located? NUCLEUS __________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the monomer of DNA called? NUCLEOTIDE 3. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? SUGAR, PHOSPHATE, AND BASE 4. What are the 4 nucleotide bases of DNA? Which bases pair together? ADENINE – THYMINE, GUANINE - CYTOSINE 5. What type of bond holds the bases together in a DNA molecule? HYRDOGEN__________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Why is DNA called a double helix? Describe its structure. 2 SIDE AND THEY ARE TWISTED 7. What part of the nucleotide makes up the “rungs” or “steps” of the DNA “ladder”? BASES 8. What parts of the nucleotide make up the “upright” portion of the DNA “ladder”? PHOSPHATE & SUGAR 9. Describe 3 differences between DNA and RNA. 1. DNA DOUBLE, RNA SINGLE 2. DNA NEVER LEAVES THE NUCLEUS, RNA CAN LEAVE 3. DNA – THYMINE, RNA - URACIL 10. Where does replication take place? NUCLEUS 11. What are the steps of replication? 1. ENZYMES UNZIP THE DNA, 2. NUCELOTIDES (BASES) PAIR UP 3. PRODUCT IS 2 COPIES OF DNA 12. How is replication different than transcription? DNA DNA , DNA MRNA 13. What is the function of mRNA? SENDS A MESSAGE TO RIBOSOMES TO MAKE PROTEINS 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. What is made during transcription? mRNA What is the function of tRNA? ANTICODON, TRANSFERS AMINO ACIDS TO RIBOSOMES What is made during translation? How? MAKE PROTEINS, RIBOSOMES MAKE PROTEINS Where does translation take place? CYTOPLASM AND RIBOSOMES What base substitutes for T in mRNA? URACIL What would be the mRNA sequence made from the following DNA? TAGCTGCGA ________________________ 20. Explain how the following mutations occur: insertion, substitution, inversion and deletion. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 21. Explain why an insertion or deletion can be more damaging than a substitution. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 22. Define and give examples of mutagens. _______________________________________________________________ Normal Male Normal Female 2n = 46 2n = 46 Genetics 1. What is a karotype? What can you learn from it? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is a pedigree? What can you learn from it? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Contrast autosome and sex chromosome. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the genotype for a male? For a female? _________________________________________________________ 5. How many copes of each chromosome does a normal human have? ______________________________________ 6. Contrast dominant and recessive. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Who is considered to be the founder of genetics? _______________________________________________________ What organism did he study? _________________________________________________________________________ 8. Why do you get all dominant individuals when a pure dominant and a pure recessive are bred? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Show an example using a Punnett square. 6 5 9. Define allele and give examples. ______________________________________________________________________ 10. Contrast genotype and phenotype, and give an example of each. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Contrast homozygous and heterozygous, and give an example of each. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What is a carrier? ______________________________________ Give an example of the genotype of a carrier.___ 13. What disease does someone have if they have Trisomy 21. ______________________________________________ What causes it? (Think about meiosis.) __________________________________________________________________ 14. What does multiple alleles inheritance mean? __________________________________________________________ 15. What is a polygenetic trait? ___________________________________________________________________________ 16. On what chromosomes are most sex linked traits located? _______________________________________________ 17. How is the probability of a coin coming up heads or tails the same as the probability that a baby will be a girl or a boy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 18. Contrast codominance and incomplete dominance . ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19. Know how to determine the genotypic and phenotypic probabilities for the following types of problems: a. Simple dominance b. Incomplete dominance c. Codominance d. Multiple alleles (ex. blood type possibilities of offspring based on the blood types of the parent) e. Sex-linked