Download ANSWERS - midterm study guide

Review for Biology Midterm Spring 2014
Meiosis
1. Complete the meiosis table below. Name each stage, and include a description of what occurs in each stage.
PROPHASE 1 – NUC MEM
DISAPPEARS, SPINDLE
FIBERS FORM,
CENTRIOLES MOVE
METAPHASE 1 –
CHROMSOMES LINE UP AS
PAIRS
TELOPHASE 2
ANAPHASE 2 –
CHROMATIDS ARE PULLED
APART
ANAPHASE 1 –
CHROMOSOME PAIRS
SEPARATE/APART
METAPHASE 2 –
CHROMSOMES LINE UP IN
THE MIDDLE
TELOPHASE 1 – 2
CELLS
PROPHASE 2
2. D
define sister chromatid, centromere, tetrad.
SISTER CHROMATID – ½ OF A COPIED CHROMSOME, CENTROMERE –SISTER CHROMATIDS CONNECT AT
THE CENTROMERE, TETRAD – 4 CHROMATIDS LINED UP
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3. Contrast haploid cell and diploid cells.
HAPLOID – HALF THE CHROMSOMES (23) DIPLOID – WHOLE NUMBER CHROMOSOMES (46)
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4. Which types of cells are haploid and which kind of cells are diploid?
SEX CELLS (23), BODY CELLS (46)
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5. What process keeps the chromosome number the same and which process reduces it?
_MITOSIS KEEPS THE NUMBER THE SAME, MEIOSIS REDUCES THE NUMBER BY HALF
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6. When does crossing over occur, and what is the benefit of it?
PROPHASE 1 – INCREASES GENETIC VARIETY/VARIATIONS
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7. Contrast plant and animal cytokinesis.
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8. How does meiosis contribute to an increase in genetic variability? CROSSING OVER
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DNA
1. Where in the cell is the DNA located? NUCLEUS
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2.
What is the monomer of DNA called? NUCLEOTIDE
3. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? SUGAR, PHOSPHATE, AND BASE
4. What are the 4 nucleotide bases of DNA? Which bases pair together? ADENINE – THYMINE,
GUANINE - CYTOSINE
5. What type of bond holds the bases together in a DNA molecule?
HYRDOGEN__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Why is DNA called a double helix? Describe its structure. 2 SIDE AND THEY ARE TWISTED
7. What part of the nucleotide makes up the “rungs” or “steps” of the DNA “ladder”? BASES
8. What parts of the nucleotide make up the “upright” portion of the DNA “ladder”? PHOSPHATE & SUGAR
9. Describe 3 differences between DNA and RNA. 1. DNA DOUBLE, RNA SINGLE 2. DNA NEVER LEAVES THE
NUCLEUS, RNA CAN LEAVE 3. DNA – THYMINE, RNA - URACIL
10. Where does replication take place? NUCLEUS
11. What are the steps of replication? 1. ENZYMES UNZIP THE DNA, 2. NUCELOTIDES (BASES) PAIR UP 3.
PRODUCT IS 2 COPIES OF DNA
12. How is replication different than transcription? DNA DNA , DNA  MRNA
13. What is the function of mRNA? SENDS A MESSAGE TO RIBOSOMES TO MAKE PROTEINS
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What is made during transcription? mRNA
What is the function of tRNA? ANTICODON, TRANSFERS AMINO ACIDS TO RIBOSOMES
What is made during translation? How? MAKE PROTEINS, RIBOSOMES MAKE PROTEINS
Where does translation take place? CYTOPLASM AND RIBOSOMES
What base substitutes for T in mRNA? URACIL
What would be the mRNA sequence made from the following DNA? TAGCTGCGA ________________________
20. Explain how the following mutations occur: insertion, substitution, inversion and deletion.
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21. Explain why an insertion or deletion can be more damaging than a substitution.
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22. Define and give examples of mutagens. _______________________________________________________________
Normal Male
Normal Female
2n = 46
2n = 46
Genetics
1. What is a karotype? What can you learn from it?
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2. What is a pedigree? What can you learn from it?
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3. Contrast autosome and sex chromosome.
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4. What is the genotype for a male? For a female? _________________________________________________________
5. How many copes of each chromosome does a normal human have? ______________________________________
6. Contrast dominant and recessive.
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7. Who is considered to be the founder of genetics? _______________________________________________________
What organism did he study? _________________________________________________________________________
8. Why do you get all dominant individuals when a pure dominant and a pure recessive are bred?
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Show an example using a Punnett square.
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5
9. Define allele and give examples. ______________________________________________________________________
10. Contrast genotype and phenotype, and give an example of each.
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11. Contrast homozygous and heterozygous, and give an example of each.
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12. What is a carrier? ______________________________________ Give an example of the genotype of a carrier.___
13. What disease does someone have if they have Trisomy 21. ______________________________________________
What causes it? (Think about meiosis.)
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14.
What does multiple alleles inheritance mean?
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15.
What is a polygenetic trait?
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16. On what chromosomes are most sex linked traits located? _______________________________________________
17. How is the probability of a coin coming up heads or tails the same as the probability that a baby will be a girl
or a boy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________
18. Contrast codominance
and incomplete dominance
.
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19. Know how to determine the genotypic and phenotypic probabilities for the following types of problems:
a. Simple dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Codominance
d. Multiple alleles (ex. blood type possibilities of offspring based on the blood types of the parent)
e. Sex-linked