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Transcript
Name: _______________________________________ History of Genetics Timeline Period: _______ Date: ________ To understand genetics, we have to thank many scientists. Some scientists worked by themselves, but most worked in groups. The discoveries built upon each other to bring us to the detail we know today. Use the timeline cards and other sources to fill in the chart below. YEAR 1859 SCIENTIS/S DISCOVERY Charles Darwin Published “The Origin of Species” no knowledge of DNA or genetics 1902 Walter Sutton Determined that Mendel’s “factors” were carried on chromosomes. 1905 Nettie Steven Edmund Wilson Independently described sex chromosomes; figured out that in humans XX=female and XY=male 1908 Archibald Garrod Proposed that some human diseases are due to “inborn errors of metabolism” that result from lack of an enzyme 1866 1869 1911 1927 Experimented with fruit flies; proposed the idea of sex-linked inheritance; described gene theory and cross over Hermann Muller Used x-rays to cause artificial gene mutations in fruit flies 1928 Phoebus Levene 1941 George Beadle Edward Tatum 1944 Oswald Avery and MacLeod and McCarty Late 1940’s Barbara McClintock 1950 Erwin Chargaff 1952 Rosalind Franklin 1952 Using bread mold, they showed that a gene produces its effect by regulating enzymes Developed hypothesis of “transposons” to explain colors in Indian corn Used viruses called phages to show that DNA is molecule of heredity, not protein. Scientists finally accept the proof. 1953 1958 Matthew Meselson Frank Stahl Used isotopes of nitrogen to show semiconservative replication of DNA 1958 Arthur Kornberg Purified DNA polyermerase and showed DNA could be made in a test tube. 1966 1970 Led the team that cracked the genetic code- 64 mRNA triplets that specify the twenty amino acids Hamilton Smith Kent Wilcox 1972 1973 Isolate the first restriction enzyme, HindII, used to “cut” DNA at specific site Produced the first recombinant DNA molecules Joseph Sambrook Led team that refined gel electrophoresis using agarose gel and ethidium bromide 1977 1977 First genetic engineering company (Genentech) is founded; uses recombinant DNA to make medical drugs 1978 Somatostatin became first human hormone produced using recombinant DNA technology 1981 Three different research teams announce the discovery of human cancer causing genes (oncogenes) 1983 James Gusella 1985 Kary Mullis 1988 1989 Used blood samples collected by Nancy Wexler to demonstrate that Huntington’s disease gene is on chromosome 4 Human Genome Project begins. Goal: sequence of DNA of all human chromosomes by 2010 Alec Jeffreys First to use DNA polymorphisms in murder, rape, and paternity cases; calls it “DNA fingerprinting” 1989 Identified the gene coding for cystic fibrosis on chromosome 7 1990 First gene replacement therapy- four year old girl with compromised immune system 1996 2000
