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Cell Organelles
Background Information:
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Cells are made up of organelles
o Organelles: “little organs”
Two main parts of eukaryotic cells:
o 1. Nucleus
o 2. Cytoplasm
Essential cell structures and their functions
Nucleus:
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Controls most of ___cell___ ____processes______ and contains
____hereditary information____ of the cell
Contains:
o Nucleolus: Where assembly of proteins begins
o
Nuclear envelope: Double membrane with pores that surround nucleus
o
Chromatin: Consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
 1. Chromatin forms chromosomes when the cell divides
 A. Chromosomes contain genetic information
Ribosomes:
-
Small particles of ___RNA____ that make ___proteins_____
They can be found:
o A. Alone in cytoplasm – make proteins for use within the cell
o B. Attached to the rough ER – makes proteins for export out of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
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Site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled along with proteins and other materials that
are exported from the cell
-
Two kinds:
o Smooth ER
o Rough ER
-
Rough ER
o The portion of the ER involved in the synthesis of proteins
o ___Ribosomes____ are found on the surface
Smooth ER
o Ribosomes are not found on the surface
o Outer portion of the ER
-
o
Contains enzymes that help synthesize lipids and help in detoxifying drugs
Golgi Apparatus:
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Stacked flattened sacks
Site where cell products are ____modified_______, ______sorted_______, and ______packaged________ for
storage or export
Involved in the production of _____lysosomes________
Lysosomes:
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Produced by the ___Golgi____ ____apparatus__________
Small organelles filled with _____enzymes_______
Functions:
o A. Breakdown of organelles that have outlived their usefulness
o
B. They breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that the rest of the cells
uses
Vacuoles:
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Acts as a container, storing water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
-
Unicelluar animals can use vacuoles for _____movement______
Larger in _____ plant _____cells than _____animal______ cells
Mitochondria:
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Converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are easier for cells to use
-
____Powerhouse_______ of cell
-
Structures that need a lot of energy will have ____more______ mitochondria
o Example: muscle cells
Structure of mitochondria: Cristae, outer and inner membranes
Cytoskeleton:
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Network of ____protein_____ filaments that help cells to maintain their shape and for movement
Types:
o A. microfilaments: produce a though, flexible framework that supports cells and helps cells move
o
B. microtubules: maintain cell shape and are involved in cell division


1. Form spindle fibers
2. Form centrioles – help organize cell division, only form in animal cells
Centrioles:
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Found only in _____ONLY in ANIMAL______ cells
Cylindrical structures found near the ___nucleus________
Made of hollow, tubular structures arranged into bundles
Important in __cell____ ____division________
Chloroplasts:
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Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy
Contain green pigment called ______chlorophyll_______
Found only in ___PLANTS______
Cell Membrane:
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Found in ___ALL___ cells
Provides protection and support for the cell
-
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
-
“Fluid mosaic model” – of cell membrane structure refers to the many different kinds of molecules in cell
membranes – lipids (double layer membranes), protein molecules, and carbohydrate molecules
Cell Wall:
-
Provides support and protection
-
Found in ___plant___ cells
Made of cellulose – tough carbohydrate fiber
Cellular differences between plant and animal cells
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
HAVE:
HAVE:
Cell ___wall______
___LARGE______
vacuoles
Chloroplasts
DO NOT HAVE:
Centrioles
Cell __membrane___
Mitochondria
__Golgi____ apparatus
___Nucleus____
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
__reticulum__
Lysosomes
______Centrioles_____
DO NOT HAVE:
Cell ___Wall___
LARGE vacuoles
____Chloroplasts____