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Transcript
1 Cells Cytology - the study of cells Cells vary greatly in SIZE and STRUCTURE Cells have two main parts - NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM, Enclosed in a CELL MEMBRANE (also called PLASMA MEMBRANE), which is extremely thin, often has folds and pouches, and allows certain substances to pass through it. Selectively Permeable = controls what enters and leaves the cell, it allows some things to pass but not others, this is the MAIN FUNCTION of the cell membrane CYTOPLASM - the area between the plasma membrane and nucleus. Where most metabolic reactions/activities take place. Filled with a clear fluid called CYTOSOL. Contains many structures called ORGANELLES ORGANELLES 1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R.) - complex system or network of interconnected membranes, canals, or channels. Connected to cell membrane, nuclear membrane, and organelles Function = TRANSPORT SYSTEM A. Rough ER - where ribosomes are located. Ribosomes manufacture (synthesize) proteins B. Smooth ER - no ribosomes, where lipid synthesis takes place 2. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODIES) - series of flattened, membranous sacs near the nucleus Function = "Refining", "Packaging", Delivery of proteins 2 3. MITOCHONDRIA (-ion = sing.) - Usually numerous, double layer membrane - inner layer folded to form CRISTAE. Function = where chemical energy (food substances) is transformed into a useable form - molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) that are like "packets" of energy. The process of releasing/transforming the energy from food involves OXYGEN and is called CELLULAR RESPIRATION 4. LYSOSOMES - quite variable in size and shape. Contain powerful digesting enzymes - breakdown and destroy foreign particles, microorganisms, damaged or worn out cells and cell parts 5. CENTROSOME (central body) - Usually near the G.A. and nucleus. Composed of 2 "cylinders" called CENTRIOLES (each composed of numerous microtubules), which always lie perpendicular to each other. Active involved in cell reproduction - SPINDLE forms from the centrioles 6. VESICLES - tiny sacs in which substances are transported 7. MICROFILAMENTS & MICROTUBULES - threadlike structures MICROFILAMENTS - involved in cellular movement, as in muscle cells MICROTUBULES - larger than filaments, maintain shape ("skeleton" of the cell) 3 The NUCLEUS - directs the activities of a cell. Contains GENETIC materials. Surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane called the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE or ENVELOPE. Filled with fluid called NUCLEOPLASM 1. NUCLEOLUS - small, dense structures within nucleus, made of proteins and RNA. No membrane FUNCTION = produces ribosomes 2. CHROMATIN - loosely coiled "fibers" in nucleoplasm. Forms CHROMOSOMES during cell reproduction. Composed mainly of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and PROTEIN. Contains coded information that directs protein synthesis in the cell 4 Movement of Substances Through the Cell Membrane DIFFUSION - molecules move spontaneously (no cellular energy used) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration FACILITATED DIFFUSION - molecules diffuse through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule transports (requires no energy = PASSIVE TRANSPORT) OSMOSIS - the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. OSMOTIC PRESSURE = pressure to stop osmosis SOLUTION Solute = Substance dissolved Solvent = Substance in which a solute is dissolved (usually water) Hypertonic Solution = conc. of solute particles is greater outside the cell Hypotonic Solution = conc. of solute particles is lower outside the cell Isotonic Solution = conc of solute particles is the same inside and outside the cell FILTRATION - molecules are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure ACTIVE TRANSPORT - molecules are moved against the concentration gradient. This requires the use of cellular energy, also usually involves a carrier molecule. Exocytosis = transport of particles out of the cell Endocytosis = transport of particles into th cell Pinocytosis - liquids taken in, cell engulfs a droplet of water Phagocytosis -solids taken in. a vesicle forms. 5 The Life Cycle of a Cell A. Mitosis (nuclear division) B. Cytoplasmic Division (cytokinesis) C. Interphase (growth) D. Differentiation - cells become specialized, developing characteristics in structure and function MITOSIS A. PROPHASE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B. METAPHASE 1. C. ANAPHASE 1. D. TELOPHASE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. E. CYTOKINESIS INTERPHASE - growth of cell occurs, chromosomes are duplicated and other structures and organelles are produced DIFFERENTIATION - occurs as cells multiply and organism develops and grows 6 Name:___________________________________________ Cells 1. Cell: A cell consists of three main parts---the ______________, the cell "stuff" called ______________, and the outer _________________________. 2. Cell Membrane: The cell membrane is extremely _________and is __________________ permeable. function: The cell membrane regulates the_________________________________________, participates in signal transduction, and helps cells adhere to other cells structure: The basic framework of the cell membrane consists of a double layer of _________________ _________________ are found in the cell membrane, including some which are transmembrane and some that are peripheral membrane. 3. Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm consists of a clear liquid called ______________________, a supportive ____________________, and networks of membranes and organelles. 4. endoplasmic reticulum: provides a tubular __________________________ system inside the cell. rough: why does it appear rough? ________________________ What does it function in the synthesis and transport of? _____________________ smooth: Why does it appear smooth? _____________________ What does it function in the transport of? _____________________ 5. ribosome: Where are they found? _____________________ What are they composed of? _____________________ What do they help in the production of? _____________________ 6. golgi apparatus: is composed of flattened __________and it packages the cells products. These packages are released in the form of ________________________ 7. lysosomes: contain __________________ enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria. They are sometimes called the "______________________________" of the cell. 8. microfilaments and microtubules: are thin threadlike structures that serve as the _________________________________of the cell. Microfilaments, made of the protein ____________________, cause various cellular movements. Mictotubules, made of the globular protein _________________. 7 9. centrosome: is a structure made up of two hollow cylinders called ________________________. What is their function? 10. cilia & flagella: are motile extensions from the cell. Which one is shorter? ______________ What is its function in the human body? _____________________ What is the only flagellated cell in the body? _____________________ 11. Nucleus: is bounded by a ___________-layered nuclear membrane containing relatively large nuclear ______________________ that allow the passage of certain substances. 12. nucleolus: Where is it found? _____________________ Does it have its own membrane? _____________________ What chemicals is it made of? _____________________ 13. chromatin: What chemicals is the chromatin made of? _____________________ 14. Movement Through Cell Membrane: The cell membrane controls what passes through it. PASSIVE TRANSPORT: Mechanisms of movement across the membrane may be passive, requiring no ______________ from the cell (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration). diffusion: from area of ___________ concentration to area of low concentration to reach _____________________________. osmosis: Only substance that is moved by osmosis is ___________________________. What substances diffuse in the human body? _____________________ 15. Facilitated Diffusion: - uses membrane proteins that function as ______________________ to move molecules (such as glucose) across the cell membrane. 16. Filtration: Filtration forces molecules through _______________________ and is commonly used to separate solids from __________________________ 17. Active Transport: moves from area of ____________ concentration to area of ____________ concentration. Requires ___________________ proteins: (pumps). Also requires energy in the form of _______________. 18. Endocytosis and Exocytosis: In _______________________ molecules that are too large to be transported by other means are engulfed by an invagination of the cell membrane and carried into the cell surrounded by a vesicle. _______________________ is a form in which cells engulf liquids. _______________________ is a form is which the cell takes in larger particles, such as a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium. In ___________________________molecules are pushed out of the cell 19. Cell Cycle: The series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it _________________________ is called the cell cycle. The cell cycle consists of what four stages? ______________________________________ 8 The cell cycle is highly regulated. Most cells do not divide continually. Cells have a maximum number of times they can divide because of built-in "clocks"called _____________ on the tips of chromosomes. 20. Cell Reproduction: There are two types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis produces ______________ cells. 21. mitosis: How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis? ______ Are they identical to the "mother" cell? _____________ 22. interphase: Interphase is a period of great metabolic activity in which the cell grows and 23. synthesizes new molecules and organelles. During the S phase of interphase, the __________ of the cell is replicated in preparation for cell division. 24. prophase: What disappears during this phase? _____________________ What appears or becomes visible during this phase? _____________________ 25. metaphase: Why is this phase the easiest to see on a microscope slide? (hint, what are the chromosomes doing?) _____________________ 26. anaphase: What characterizes this phase? _____________________ 27. telophase: What reappears during this phase? _____________________ What have the chromosomes done? _____________________ 28. Cytokinesis begins during anaphase of mitosis and continues as the cell pinches into _________________________________ 29. differentiation: The process by which cells develop into different types of cells with specialized ___________________ is called differentiation. What controls this? 30. What is the death of a cell called? ______________________ Labeling Practice 9 10 Name:___________________________________Date:______________ Cell Cycle Labeling 11. What moves the chromatids during mitosis? ___________________________________ 12. What anchors the spindle? ________________________________________ 13. What are the four phases of mitosis? ___________________________________________________ 14. How many daughter cells are created from mitosis and cytokinesis? ___________________________ 15. During what phase does cytokinesis begin? ________________________________________ 16. If a human cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell? _________ 17. If a dog cell has 72 chromosomes, how many daughter cells will be created during a single cell cycle? ______ .....Each of these daughter cells will have how many chromosomes? ____________ 18. The nuclear membrane dissolves during what phase? ________________________ 11 19. In the cell pictured above, how many chromosomes are present during prophase? ________________ 20. What structure holds the individual chromatids together? ______________________________ 12