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DNA Fingerprinting, Recombinant DNA, Genetic Engineering,
Karyotyping
GENE TECHNOLOGY
IN Activity
 What do you already know about some of the
ways scientists can alter the genes of an
organism?
What is a GENOME?
 A genome is the total
collection of genes an
organism has.
 Ex: Human Genome
Project- scientists now
know the sequence of
20,500 genes!
 Gene technology helps
scientists study
genomes of organisms
DNA Fingerprinting
 Also called DNA Profiling
 Used to determine paternity or to find
criminals with DNA left at crime scenes
 Everyone’s DNA fingerprint is
unique….except identical twins!
 Although, you will have characteristics of your
mother’s and father’s fingerprints
DNA Fingerprinting
 If only a small amount
of DNA is available,
you can induce
replication using
polymerase molecules
extracted from
bacteria
 This is called a
Polymerase Chain
Reaction, or PCR
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting
 Special enzymes called restriction enzymes
cut the DNA in specific places
 This creates different sized pieces of DNA
 Everyone’s DNA will be cut into different
sized pieces EXCEPT identical twins
 This cut DNA is placed into an agarose gel
which is then hooked to electrodes
DNA Fingerprinting
 DNA is negatively
charged, so it travels
toward the positive
electrode
 Smaller pieces travel
faster and make it
farther away from the
starting point
 This is called Gel
Electrophoresis
Who committed the crime?
Recombinant DNA
 Scientists use recombinant DNA technology
to “trick” bacteria into making things we
need
 Insulin for injections is made using this
process
Recombinant DNA: Making
insulin
 Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The insulin gene is
isolated and cut out of a
human cell
A plasmid is removed from
a bacterial cell
A piece of the plasmid is
removed and the human
gene is inserted
The recombinant plasmid
is inserted back into the
bacterial cell
The bacterial cell will now
produce insulin as a
product of its transcription
and translation
Some other uses for
Recombinant DNA
 Chymosin – used to make cheese
 Human growth hormone – used to
supplement growth or as a performance
enhancing drug
 Blood clotting factors – for patients with
hemophilia
 Hepatitis B Vaccine
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
 Used frequently in the agriculture industry
 Organisms that have been genetically
engineered are referred to as GMOs, or
Genetically Modified Organisms
 Can be used to make crops drought-resistant,
resistant to pests or pesticides, etc. in order
to increase yields.
Karyotyping
 Karyotype-picture of
chromosomes
 Helps to identify
chromosomal
mutations (NOT DNA
mutations)
Karyotyping
 Monosomy = one copy
of a chromosome
 Trisomy = three copies
of a chromosome
 Caused by NON-
DISJUNCTION during
meiosis
OUT:
 Describe DNA Fingerprinting, Recombinant
DNA Technology, Genetic Engineering, and
Karyotyping in your own words.