Download PreAP Biology Study Guide Unit 4: Molecular Genetics 4.1 What are

PreAP Biology Study Guide
Unit 4: Molecular Genetics
4.1
What are the basic three components of a DNA molecule?
What is a leading and lagging strand in DNA replication?
Know how to use Chargaff’s Rule.
4.2
What is the product/purpose of transcription?
What is the product/purpose of translation?
On which end, 5’ or 3’, of the DNA template strand is mRNA made?
How are amino acid sequences synthesized?
What happens when a ribosome is translocating?
What happens at the A, P, and E site of the ribosome?
What happens to proteins that enter the rough endoplasmic reticulum after being synthesized?
Know how to use a codon chart.
What modifications are made to a primary transcript before it can become a secondary transcript and
leave the nucleus? Hard hat, steel-toed boots, splicing…
What is the difference between a silent, missense, and nonsense mutation?
4.3
What is an operon?
How does a repressor molecule affect transcription?
How does an inducer molecule affect transcription?
What is a transposon?
4.4
What is the difference between a chromosome, DNA molecule, nucleotide, gene, and genome?
What are advantages and disadvantages of creating transgenic organisms?
What was the purpose of the Human Genome Project?
What are the steps of performing Gel Electrophoresis?
PreAP Biology Study Guide
Unit 4: Molecular Genetics
Short Answer
In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conducted an experiment to conclusively prove that DNA,
and not proteins, were the macromolecules that were passed on to the next generation and actually
contained the “information” for creating a organism. This experiment which involved the radioactive
elements Phosphorus 32 and Sulfur 35 went on to become known as the Hershey-Chase experiment. In
no more than four sentences, state the purpose of each radioactive element in the experiment and
briefly explain the outcome of the experiment that conclusively proved DNA as the hereditary molecule.
The process of bacterial cloning is one the most important genetic discoveries of our modern time. It has
allowed for the creation of bacteria that can generate numerous human medicines such as Human
Growth Hormone and Human Insulin. In less than five sentences, describe the process of how human
genes are introduced into bacterial plasmids for cloning purposes. Assume the secondary (2’) mRNA has
already left the human cell nucleus, been exposed to the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase and converted
Choice Questions
to DNA molecules.
Can you describe the following diagrams?
9 and 10 refer to the following diagram of a nucleotide.
hoice Questions
eotide shown belongs to an RNA molecule, the structure labeled C could be any of the following
16 and 17 refer to the following biomolecule.
ne
ne
ne
ne
eotide shown belongs to a DNA molecule, the structure labeled B would be
ne
ribose
ber
indicates guanine?
hate
he following are joined by peptide bonds during the process of protein synthesis?
ment best describes the molecule shown in the diagram above?
saccharides
ins the base uracil.
ins
the sugar ribose.
cerides
quently found in the cytoplasm.
otides
med
through the process of transcription.
PreAP Biology Study Guide
Unit 4: Molecular Genetics
Biology Multiple Choice Questions
Directions: The group of questions below consists of five lettered answers followed by a list of numbered phrases or
sentences. For each numbered phrase or sentence select the one answer that is most closely related to it and fill in th e
corresponding oval on the answer sheet. Each answer may be used once, more than once or not at all in each group.
Questions 20 and 21 refer to the following cellular process.
20. Which letter indicates the ribosome?
21. Which letter represents a structure containing rRNA?
Questions 22-25 refer to these biotechnology terms.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Plasmids
Recombinant DNA
Electrophoresis
Restriction Enzymes
Cloning
22. Can create DNA fragments with sticky ends
23. Naturally occurring short, circular pieces of DNA
7