Download Unit 7 packet pt 5

Name:
ProteinSynthesisFairyTale
Date: Period: FairyTale:
"Onceuponatimethereweretwofraternaltwinbrothers:DonaldN.ArmstrongandRonaldN
Armstrong.Donaldwasthesmarterofthetwo,andhewasasuccessfulinventorwithmanypa
AlthoughRonaldwasnotassmartashisbrother,hewasextremelyloyal.OnedayDonaldcam
withanideaforasolarpoweredcar.Giventheever-presentpossibilityofenergyshortage,an
efficientsolarpoweredcarwouldbeingreatdemand.However,Donaldreallydidn'twanttol
hiscomfortableestate.Hecertainlycouldn'ttakeachancebyusinge-mailorafaxtosendhis
thefactory.Theymightbestolenbyindustrialspies!Donaldknowshisloyalbrotherwoulddo
anythingforhim,soheaskshimtobeamessengerandcarrytheplanstothefactory.Atthefa
theassemblylineissetupandfactoryworkersbringthepartstoassembletheprototype.The
provestobeenormouslysuccessful.TheArmstrongbrothersbuyanevenbiggerestateandliv
happilyeverafter!"
1.InproteinsynthesiswhatwouldDonaldrepresent?
2.WhatwouldRonaldrepresent?
3.Whatdoestheestaterepresent?
4.Whatdotheplansrepresent?
5.Whatdoesthefactoryrepresent?
6.Whatdothefactoryworkersrepresent?
7.Whatdoesthecarrepresent?
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DNAStrucure,History,andReplicationReviewGuide
1.Whatisanucleotide?Whatarethe3parts?
2.Givethe4nucleotidesfoundinDNA.Indicatetheirfamilyandthestructureofeachfamily.
3.HowisDNAlikeatwistedladder?Whatmakesupthesides?Therungs?Whatholdsthe2sides
together?
4.StateChargaff’sbasepairrules.WhatisthecomplimentarystrandtothefollowingDNAsegment:
AAATTCCGGAGCTTAACGGTA?
5.WhenisDNAreplicated?WhyisDNAreplicationimportant?
6.Givethe2typesofenzymesinvolvedinDNAreplicationandtheirfunctions.
7.Summarizetheexperiments/findingsofthefollowingscientists(fromyournotesandyour
reading):
• JamesWatson
• FrancisCrick
• EdwinChargaff
• RosalindFranklin
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RNA,TranscriptionandTranslationReview
1.WhatistheprocessbywhichthegeneticcodeofDNAiscopiedintoastrandofRNA?
2.Whatisacodonandwhatisitspurpose?Whatdoesitcodefor?
3.WhataresomesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenRNAandDNA?
4.WhatistheprocessofdecodingmRNAintoapolypeptidechain?Inotherwords,howdoesagene
becomeprotein?
5.Whatisananticodonandwhatisitspurpose?
6.Whatarethestepsoftranscription?
7.Wheredoestranscriptiontakeplace?Wheredoestranslationtakeplace?
8.Whatarethestepsoftranslation?
9.Whatarethe3typesofRNAandwhataretheirfunctions?
10.Duringtranscriptionwhatisformed?Duringtranslationwhatisformed?
11.Howmanycodonsspecify1aminoacid?
12.WhatbaseismissingonRNA,&whatotherbasereplacesit?
13.UracilwillpairwithwhatotherbaseonDNA?
14.IsRNAdoubleorsinglestranded?
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15.WhichtypeofRNAcopiesDNA’sinstructionsinthenucleus?
16.WhatdoestRNAtransport?
17.Inwhatpartofacellareproteinsmade?
18.WhatisRNApolymerase&tellitsfunction.
19.ArebothstrandsofDNAcopiedduringtranscription?
20.AsRNApolymerasemovesalongtheDNAtemplatestrand,whatisbeingadded?
21.WhathappenstothenewlymademRNAmoleculefollowingtranscriptioninthenucleus?
22.Howmanydifferentkindsofaminoacidsmakeupproteins?
23.Nametheaminoacidcodedforbyeachofthesecodons:
a.UUA
b.AUU c.UGU d.AAA e.GAG f.UAA
24.Whatcodonstartsproteinsynthesis?Whataminoaciddoesthestartcodonalwayscarry?
25.Whatcodonsstopproteinsynthesis?
26.WhatcodononmRNAwouldbindwiththeseanticodons:
a.AAA b.GGA c.UAC d.CGU
27.Whattypeofbondsaretheonesthatattachaminoacidstoeachotherinagrowingpolypeptide?
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Name:__________________
Period:______Date:________
Protein Synthesis Lab
1. Onepersoninyourgroupshouldgotothe‘nucleus’tableoftheclassroomandtranscribe
oneoftheDNAsegmentsintomessengerRNA(mRNA).
2. ThemRNAmessagewillbebroughtbacktothe‘ribosome’tablewhereyourpartneris sitting.
TheotherpartnerinyourgroupwillthenturnthemRNAmessageintothe complementaryanticodonseriesoftransferRNA(tRNA)
3. OncethetRNAsequencehasbeendeterminedyouwillneedtofindoutwhichaminoacid
goeswitheachanit-codon.YouwillneedtodecodethemRNAcodonsusingthedecoder
tabletofindoutwhichaminoacidgoeswiththecomplementarytRNAanti-codon.
4. WhenyouhavefoundwhichaminoacidgoeswiththetRNAmoleculeyouwillgototheamino
acidtableandflipthataminoacidcardandfindawordontheback.Writethatword
inthe
appropriatesentenceblankoftheDNAsegmentyoupickedinthenucleus.
5. ContinuetranslatingthemRNAmessageuntilyouhavecompletedthesentence.
6. RepeatwithotherDNAsegmentsuntilyoufinishallyourassignedsegments. (Youshould
onlydoonesentenceatatimeoryouwillgetallsortsofmessedup.)
AminoAcidbasedecodertable–usewithmRNAcodons!(nottRNAcodons)
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AnalysisQuestions:
1. Whydidyouhavetostayinthe‘nucleus’towritedownthemRNA?
2. Whichpartofthisactivityrepresentstranscription?
3. Whichpartofthisactivityrepresentstranslation?
4. Whathappensintheribosomesduringproteinsynthesis?
5. Whatdoesthefinalsentencerepresentintermsofproteinsynthesis?
6. Whatdoeseachwordrepresentintermsofproteinsynthesis?
7. AllDNAsequencesstartedwithTACandendedwithATC,ATT,orACT.Why?
8. HowmanymutatedDNAsegmentsdidyouhave?WhatcouldamutatedDNAsegmentcause?
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DNA, RNA, and Snorks
Name: ____________________________
Introduction: In this simulation, you will examine the DNA sequence of a fictitious organism - the
Snork. Snorks were discovered on the planet Dee Enae in a distant solar system. Snorks only
have one chromosome with eight genes on it. Your job is to analyze the genes of its DNA and
determine what traits the organism has and then sketch the organism (You can be creative here).
For simplicity, the gene sequences are much smaller than -real- gene sequences found in living
organisms. Each gene has two versions that result in a different trait being expressed in the
snork.
DNA samples were taken from volunteer snorks. The DNA was then transcribed to its
complimentary RNA strand, and you have been given a copy. Your job is to analyze the RNA
sample and determine the phenotype (how the organism looks) based on the sequence. Use your
RNA codon wheel to determine the amino acids. Remember that AUG is a start codon, and it
signifies the beginning of each gene. UAA is a stop codon and signifies the end of a gene.
Genes
Amino Acid Sequence
Description
Gene 1 - body covering
a.) val - ser - leu
hairless
b.) val - ser - lys
hairy
a.) tyr - pro - glu - glu - lys
plump
b.) val - pro - thr - glu - lys
skinny
a.) leu - leu - leu - pro
3 legged
b.) leu - leu - ser - ala
2 legged
a.) ala - val - val
round head
b.) val - ala - ala
square head
a.) his - ile
tail
b.) his - his
no tail
a.) ser - pro - val
blue pigment (hair/skin)
b.) val - phe - tyr
red pigment (hair/skin)
a.) asp - ile - leu - leu - pro - thre
small slanted eyes
b.) asp - ile - pro - pro - pro - thre
large round eyes
a.) val - asp - asp - ala
circular mouth
b.) asp - asp - asp - ala
rectangular mouth
a.) phe - ser - gly
pointed standing-up ears
b.) phe - phe - gly
rounded floppy ears
a.) arg - tyr - cys - lys
long spaghetti like arms
b.) arg - arg - asp - thre
short stumpy arms
Gene 2 - body style
Gene 3 - legs
Gene 4 - head shape
Gene 5 - tails
Gene 6 - body pigment
Gene 7 - eyes
Gene 8 - mouth
Gene 9 - ears
Gene 10 - arms
Draw your snork on the back of this page. Be sure to include the type of snork you selected.
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Type of Snork: _______________________________________ 34
Why?
DNA Structure and Replication
How is genetic information stored and copied?
Ladder Model of DNA
Helix Model of DNA
1
Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the molecule of heredity. It contains the genetic blueprint for life. For
organisms to grow and repair damaged cells, each cell must be capable of accurately copying itself. So how
does the structure of DNA allow it to copy itself so accurately?
Nitrogencontaining
base
Model 1 – The Structure of DNA
Phosphate
Nucleotide
Deoxyribose
sugar
Adenine
Nitrogen Bases
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
a. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
1. Refer to the diagram in Model 1.
b. What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide?
c. Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?
d. Name the four nitrogen bases shown in Model 1.
a. Circle a single nucleotide on each side of the ladder model of DNA.
2. DNA is often drawn in a “ladder model.” Locate this drawing in Model 1.
DNA Structure and Replication
b. What part(s) of the nucleotides make up the rungs of the “ladder”?
c. What parts of the nucleotides make up the sides (backbone) of the “ladder”?
d. Look at the bottom and top of the “ladder” in Model 1. Are the rungs parallel (the ends of
the strands match) or antiparallel (the ends of the strands are opposites)?
3. On the ladder model of DNA label each of the bases with the letter A, T, C or G.
4. Refer to Model 1. When one nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine
attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?
5. The two strands of DNA are held together with hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases.
These are weak bonds between polar molecules. How many hydrogen bonds connect the two
bases from Question 4?
6. Refer to Model 1. When one nucleotide contains cytosine, what type of base is the cytosine
attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?
7. How many hydrogen bonds connect the two bases from Question 6?
8. With your group, use a complete sentence to write a rule for how the bases are arranged in the
ladder model of DNA.
Read This!
T
C
C
A
G
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
10. The ladder model of DNA is a simplified representation of the actual structure and shape of a
DNA molecule. In reality, the strands of DNA form a double helix. Refer to the double helix
diagram in Model 1 and describe its shape using a complete sentence.
A
9. Fill in the complementary bases on the strand below according to the base-pair rule.
Erwin Chargaff (1905–2002), an Austrian-American biochemist, investigated the ratio of nucleotide bases
found in the DNA from a variety of organisms. From his research, as well as research by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, Watson and Crick developed the complementary base-pair rule during their
race to discover the structure of DNA. The complementary base-pair rule states that adenine and thymine
form pairs across two strands, and guanine and cytosine form pairs across two strands.
2
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Model 2 – DNA Replication
Direction of DNA
helicase
DNA helicase
______ Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form.
Free Nucleotides
3
11. Examine Model 2. Number the steps below in order to describe the replication of DNA in a cell.
______ Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break.
______ Strands of DNA separate.
______ Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA.
a. What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase?
12. Locate the DNA helicase on Model 2.
b. What is the role of DNA helicase in the replication of DNA?
13. What rule is used to join the free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the DNA?
14. This type of replication is called semi-conservative replication. Considering the meaning of
these words (semi—half; conserve—to keep), explain why DNA replication is called
semi-conservative.
DNA Structure and Replication
4
15. DNA molecules can be tens of thousands of base pairs in length. Mistakes in DNA replication
lead to mutations, which may or may not be harmful to an organism. How does semi-conservative
replication help prevent mutations during DNA replication?
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Adenine
21
19
Cytosine
Percentage of each type of base
Guanine
22
19
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Thymine
16. The proportions of the bases are consistent within a species; however they do vary between
species. Using the base-pair rules, complete the following table to show the percentage of each
type of base in the five different organisms.
Organism
Human
Cow
Wheat
Salmon
Yeast
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
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Name: ___________________________________________
Period: _______
DNA Model Activity
D = deoxyribo
N = nucleic
A = acid
DNA contains the information for carrying out all of the activities of a cell. How this information is coded or passed from
cell to cell was at one time unknown. To break the code, you will do a paper lab to determine the structure of DNA and
show how the genetic code is carried. You and each member of your class will color molecules called nucleotides.
DNA is made up of repeating units of nucleotides.
Directions
• Color the nucleotides using the legend.
• Label the nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, or A, G, T, C base).
1. Look at the nucleotides. What are the three common parts of a nucleotide?
1.
2.
3.
2. What is one part of a nucleotide that differs among the four different nucleotides?
3. List the four different types of nitrogen bases.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cut out the nucleotides. Manipulate the nucleotide pieces until you find the best fit. Join the
nucleotide molecules in your group like a puzzle. Use tape to connect and reinforce the molecules.
You now have a molecule of DNA.
4. In the space below, explain where the nucleotide molecules connect to each other.
5. A real DNA molecule consists of thousands of these pairs of nucleotides. What is the pairing arrangement of
the nitrogen bases?
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__________ pairs with __________ and __________ pairs with __________
6. Are there always going to be an equal number of adenine and thymine in a molecule? Why?
7. Are there always going to be an equal number of guanine and cytosine molecules in a molecule of DNA? Why?
8. Scientists abbreviate the nitrogen bases by using the first letter of each base, so:
A always binds to _____
C always binds to _____
The structure of DNA is actually in a double helix arrangement. Double helix means that the two long chains of
nucleotides are arranged in a spiral-like twisted ladder.
9. The sides of the ladder are made up of alternating __________________ and __________________ molecules.
The
steps of the ladder are made up of __________________ held together by ______________ bonds.
Bring your molecule to the front of the room and join it to the molecules of your classmates. We now have one large
DNA molecule!
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