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Name: _________________________ Period: _____________ PAP Molecular Genetics & Biotechnology Notes Applied Genetics: is the _________; of the hereditary characteristics of an organism to improve or create specific traits in ______________. Selective breeding: directed breeding to produce plant and animal with _____________ Ex: breeding plants to produce larger fruits/vegetable Inbreeding: ______ closely related organism are bred to have the desired traits and to ______________the undesired ones in future generations Test Cross: A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is ______________________for the desired trait. If the unknown parent genotype is_____________________, all the offspring will have the dominant phenotype. If the unknown parent genotype is _________________, the offspring will show a 1:1 phenotypic ratio Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is technology that involves ___________ the DNA of one organism in order to _____________the DNA of another organism. An organism’s ____________________ is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell. Gel Electrophoresis 1. DNA is cut into smaller pieces using restriction ___________________ 2. An electrical current is applied 3. DNA is separated by size. Shorter fragments move farther down the ____________ than longer fragments Used in: DNA _ _________________ DNA Fingerprinting • Best way to determine if two people are genetically ______________ • Used in _______________counseling, parental _______________, crime scenes, classification of new species of organisms. Chromosome Painting Scientists use chromosome______________ to make the locations of genes on human chromosomes with fluorescent tags. It is also possible to apply this technique to compare genomes of _______________species. 1 Biotechnology Biotechnology is the use of _________________ _______________to find solutions to problems. Goal for the Human Genome Project was to sequence all the ______________in the human body. (3 Billion nucleotides and 20,000-25,000 genes) This was completed in _____________ Pharmacogenomics The study of how genetic inheritance _____________the body’s response to drugs is called ______________________. Gene therapy Gene therapy is a technique aimed at ___________mutated genes that cause human _________ Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to _________________ a dysfunctional gene. Main Idea DNA codes for RNA, which guides ___________________ From Genes to Genetic expression (The central dogma of molecular biology) _____->_____->____________->__________-> __________________ Answer the following questions as you watch the video 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. DNA codes for ________________ What does Protein Synthesis make? _______________ Yes or No: Is all the DNA turn on all the time? DNA is located in the _________________ What are the 2 step in Protein Synthesis? _______________ _______________ 6. 6. How many letters are read at a time? ___ Role of DNA and RNA DNA is the _____________________ RNA is the ________________ of the Master Plan DNA vs RNA DNA RNA Sugar-Deoxyribose Double Stranded Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, ________, Guanine, Cytosine, Difference: ____________ G,C,A,T Sugar Ribose Single Stranded Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, ________, Guanine, Cytosine Difference: __________ G, C,A _______ 2 RNA and Protein Synthesis DNA remains in the __________, but in order for it to get its instructions translated into proteins, it must send its message to the ribosomes where proteins are made. There a 3 types of RNA involved in this process 2 Main Steps in Protein Synthesis 1. Transcription: Takes place in the__________, mRNA reads the DNA strand, then moves to the ___________for translation. 2. Translation: Take place in the________, tRNA carries amino acids to the mRNA to the site of a ribosome (rRNA) In RNA Adenine pairs with__________ Guanine pairs with Cytosine 3 (A-U) (G-C) Circle a Codon, and put a square around an Anti-Codon What biomolecule does the growing amino acid chain make? _____________ What process is shown in X? What process is shown in Y? What process is shown in Z? 4 Mutations: Mutation can be harmful, helpful or neutral in their effect. Mutations create _________________. Mutations are ________ changes in the genetic material. A mutation that occurs in the ______________ will most likely transferred to the _________________. Types of Gene Mutations Include: Point Mutations: Change of a single nucleotide. Include: 1. Substitution: ___________in the nucleotide 2. Frameshift: __________ or __________ of a single nucleotide Chromosome Mutation: Deletion: _______________ a chromosome segment Inversion: _________________ a segment within a chromosome Translocation: __________________ a segment from one chromosome to another, non-homologous one Duplication: ______________ a segment Non-disjunction: chromosomes fails to _______________ properly during meiosis 5 Chromosome Mutation: creates ______________ variation. Five types exist: 6