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Name: _________________________
Period: _____________
PAP Molecular Genetics & Biotechnology Notes
Applied Genetics: is the _________; of the hereditary characteristics of an organism to
improve or create specific traits in ______________.
Selective breeding: directed breeding to produce plant and animal with _____________ Ex:
breeding plants to produce larger fruits/vegetable
Inbreeding: ______ closely related organism are bred to have the desired traits and to
______________the undesired ones in future generations
Test Cross: A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one
that is ______________________for the desired trait.
If the unknown parent genotype is_____________________, all the offspring will have
the dominant phenotype.
If the unknown parent genotype is _________________, the offspring will show a 1:1
phenotypic ratio
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is technology that involves ___________ the DNA of one organism in
order to _____________the DNA of another organism.
An organism’s ____________________ is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.
Gel Electrophoresis
1. DNA is cut into smaller pieces using restriction ___________________
2. An electrical current is applied
3. DNA is separated by size. Shorter fragments move farther down the ____________ than
longer fragments
Used in:
DNA _ _________________
DNA Fingerprinting
• Best way to determine if two people are genetically ______________
• Used in _______________counseling, parental _______________, crime scenes,
classification of new species of organisms.
Chromosome Painting
Scientists use chromosome______________ to make the locations of genes on human
chromosomes with fluorescent tags. It is also possible to apply this technique to compare
genomes of _______________species.
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the use of _________________ _______________to find solutions to
problems.

Goal for the Human Genome Project was to sequence all the ______________in the
human body. (3 Billion nucleotides and 20,000-25,000 genes)
 This was completed in _____________
Pharmacogenomics
 The study of how genetic inheritance _____________the body’s response to drugs is
called ______________________.
Gene therapy
 Gene therapy is a technique aimed at ___________mutated genes that cause human
_________
 Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to _________________ a
dysfunctional gene.
Main Idea
DNA codes for RNA, which guides ___________________
From Genes to Genetic expression
(The central dogma of molecular biology)
 _____->_____->____________->__________-> __________________
Answer the following questions as you watch the video
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
DNA codes for ________________
What does Protein Synthesis make? _______________
Yes or No: Is all the DNA turn on all the time?
DNA is located in the _________________
What are the 2 step in Protein Synthesis?
 _______________
 _______________
6. 6. How many letters are read at a time? ___
Role of DNA and RNA
 DNA is the _____________________
 RNA is the ________________ of the Master Plan
DNA vs RNA
DNA
RNA
 Sugar-Deoxyribose
 Double Stranded
 Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, ________,
Guanine, Cytosine,
 Difference: ____________
 G,C,A,T
 Sugar Ribose
 Single Stranded
 Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, ________,
Guanine, Cytosine
 Difference: __________
G, C,A _______
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RNA and Protein Synthesis
DNA remains in the __________, but in order for it to get its instructions translated into
proteins, it must send its message to the ribosomes where proteins are made.
There a 3 types of RNA involved in this process
2 Main Steps in Protein Synthesis
1. Transcription: Takes place in the__________, mRNA reads the DNA strand, then
moves to the ___________for translation.
2. Translation: Take place in the________, tRNA carries amino acids to the mRNA to
the site of a ribosome (rRNA)
In RNA
 Adenine pairs with__________
 Guanine pairs with Cytosine
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(A-U)
(G-C)
Circle a Codon, and put a square around
an Anti-Codon
What biomolecule does the growing
amino acid chain make? _____________
What process is shown in X?
What process is shown in Y?
What process is shown in Z?
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Mutations:
Mutation can be harmful, helpful or neutral in their effect. Mutations create
_________________.
Mutations are ________ changes in the genetic material. A mutation that occurs in the
______________ will most likely transferred to the _________________.
Types of Gene Mutations
 Include:
Point Mutations: Change of a single nucleotide.
Include:
1. Substitution: ___________in the nucleotide
2. Frameshift: __________ or __________ of a single nucleotide
Chromosome Mutation:
 Deletion: _______________ a chromosome segment
 Inversion: _________________ a segment within a chromosome
 Translocation: __________________ a segment from one chromosome to
another, non-homologous one
 Duplication: ______________ a segment
 Non-disjunction: chromosomes fails to _______________ properly during
meiosis
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Chromosome Mutation: creates ______________ variation.
Five types exist:
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