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Genetics & The Modern Theory of Evolution What is Genetics? • Genetics – The study of how heredity information is passed from parents to offspring • The Modern Theory of Evolution = • Genetics + Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Gregor Mendel (1857-1865) • • • • • Studied inheritance of traits in pea plants Published research shortly after Darwin’s book (but it was in an obscure journal) He received credit for his work in 1900 (15 yrs after his death) The pea traits he studied later became known as GENES He became the Father of Genetics Law of Dominance: (see below) What is a Gene? • • • • • • • Each cell in your body contains a nucleus Each nucleus contains pairs of chromosomes How many chromosomes do humans have? What cell type in your body only has ½ as many chromosomes? Chromosomes contain your DNA sequence A segment of DNA is called a gene A gene codes for a specific trait Cells > nucleus > chromosomes > genes (traits) > DNA segment What is DNA? •DNA stores information •DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid •Subunit = nucleotides •Nucleotides contain a nitrogen base •4 different nitrogen bases •adenine (A) •guanine (G) •thymine (T) •cytosine (C) •Complimentary Strands (A-T) (G-C) •3,000,000,000 nitrogen base pairs make you who you are James Watson & Francis Crick (1953) Discovered the structure of a DNA molecule (double helix) which provided details on genes & how they work Name the DNA structure and draw an example What is an Allele? • • Most organisms have TWO copies of every gene and chromosome (one from each parent) – see picture below Alleles are the different forms of a gene for a specific trait – Ex: flower color gene in pea plants contain a white allele and a purple allele • Remember genes exist as pairs so often one allele is considered the dominant allele and the other the recessive allele • Which is the purple allele? Dominant & Recessive Alleles • • Dominant alleles are given a capital letter symbol – Ex. Purple Flower = P Recessive alleles are given a lower case letter symbol – Ex. White Flower = p • Since genes are found in pairs, a pea plant could have the following combinations of alleles for flower color – PP = purple Pp = purple pp = white • The genetic make-up is called the genotype (PP, Pp, or pp) – PP and pp is considered homozygous (all one allele type) – Pp is considered heterozygous (two different allele types) • The outward physical appearance for a gene is called the phenotype (purple or white), which is based on its genotype Punnett Square B = purple b = white What are the chances of having the white phenotype? What are the chances of carrying the white allele? What is the chance of having a heterozygous genotype? Try some examples on the board: BB x bb and Bb x bb How is it possible my two boys have blue eyes if my eyes are brown? DNA Code and Mutations • The DNA Sequence shows how a species changes over time • If a mutation (typo) occurs within the DNA sequence, genes can change causing alleles and traits to change • Over time as more mutations accumulate the species changes Human Genome (2001) • All living things are made of genetic information • We have similarities in our DNA to all animals including dogs and fruit flies. • The more closely related two species are to each other the more similar their DNA code (genome) • Find out your genetic code • 23andMe (was $999, now $199) • Visit: www.23andMe.com • Other: deCODE; Navigenics