Download STANDARD 10: THE CENTRAL DOGMA

STANDARD 10: THE CENTRAL DOGMA
Name________________________ Period___
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF DNA? DNA is like a _________________ for a car, but instead, it gives instructions
through sections of DNA called ________ for how to build ______________ by assembling ______________ in the
right combinations. These proteins help build our body and help reveal all our _________. If there is an error in the
DNA, called a ________________, the wrong amino acids can be placed, and the protein won’t have the correct
__________ and it will not ____________ properly.
COMPARE/CONTRAST
DNA
RNA
Double or single stranded?
Type of sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
Bases it contains (A, T, C, G, U?)
Stays in nucleus or leaves?
Length of one gene or thousands?
< The first image to the left is
DNA/RNA?
< Circle the 10 nucleotides in the first
image to the left
<Label the 3 components of a
nucleotide on the 2nd image
< On the 3rd image, highlight the
original DNA strands with one color
and the new DNA with another
EXPLAIN THE CENTRAL DOGMA: Biologists across the world agree on what they call the “pattern of
life” or the ______________ ________________. This outlines the process of how all our traits are formed. It
follows the format ____________>_____________>_______________> _______________. ______ is a double stranded
nucleic acid that stores our genetic information. It contains sections called ___________ that have
instructions to make ___________. One gene leads to one protein. DNA contains __________________ of genes and
since it is so valuable, it must be stored and protected in the cell’s _________________. Proteins are made in
the ______________ which are out in the cytoplasm. So how does the information get sent from the nucleus to
the ribosomes? The answer is_________. When your body needs a protein, only the gene area of DNA will
unwind and the enzyme ________________________ will copy only one gene side from DNA onto mRNA. It is
called mRNA because m stands for__________________. mRNA carries genetic information out of the nucleus to
the ribosomes. The mRNA will leave through the nuclear ____________. The process of creating mRNA from
DNA is called _________________________. Once at the ribosomes, the ribosome finds the start _________, a
sequence of three letters containing ________. ________, also called transfer RNA brings a specific amino acid
to the mRNA sequence. The correct amino acid will be matched because tRNA has an __________ codon
which matches mRNA’s codon. Another tRNA lands and the amino acids are connected with a ______________
bond. The first tRNA _________ and the ribosome shifts to the _________. A new tRNA lands and the amino
acids connect again. The process continues and now the amino acid chain is called a _______________________
chain. Soon, the ribosome reaches a _________codon and the ribosome breaks away from the mRNA. The
process of making proteins from mRNA is called __________________, because we are going from the language
of ______ to the language of _____________________. The polypeptide chain folds in a special way according to
the amino acid ________________. When folded, this is now the _______________ with a special ___________ that will
allow it to perform its_____________. If there was a ___________________ in the DNA, then mRNA would be
incorrect, the amino acid order would be wrong, the protein would not fold into the correct shape, the
protein won’t do its job in the body, and we would get a disease, like Tay Sach’s. Many other diseases are
caused in the same way. Mutations in ________________ cells are the only kind that can be passed down to
offspring. Therefore, skin cancer, a mutation in __________________cells cannot be passed down to your
offspring, unless the mutation occurred in the testes or ovaries.
GENE EXPRESSION:
The picture above shows 6 different body cells. Explain how it is possible for these cells to contain the same exact
DNA but yet have very different structures and functions.
LABEL THE FOLLOWING PICTURE OF THE CENTRAL DOGMA
MUTATIONS PRACTICE - Read the following below before continuing
There are three ways that DNA can be altered when a mutation (change in DNA sequence) occurs.
1. Substitution – one base-pairs is replaced by another: Example: G to C or A to G
C
G
T
C
2. Insertion – one or more base pairs is added to a sequence:
Example: CGATGG –– CGAATGG
GCTACC
GCTTACC
3. Deletion – one or more base pairs is lost from a sequence: Example: CGATGG –– CATGG
GCTACC
GTACC
REMEMBER THE HOMIES A TO THE T, C TO THE G.
How to remember? Only one makes a word….AT
IN RNA IT IS A TO THE U (Uracil)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING CST RELEASED QUESTIONS TO TEST YOUR SKILLS! Show work
Which of the following nucleotide (s) bond (s) with adenine?
a. Thymine only b. Uracil only c. Cytosine and Guanine d. Thymine and Uracil
Which of the following shows the correct sequence of steps to produce a protein?
a. DNA, mRNA, ribosomes, protein
b. DNA, ribosomes, mRNA, protein
c. mRNA , DNA, ribosomes, protein
d. mRNA, DNA, protein, ribosomes
In order for a cell to produce proteins, which process must occur?
a. RNA must be replicated
b. DNA must be replicated
c. RNA must be transcribed to make DNA
d. DNA must be transcribed to make RNA
The process of decoding mRNA into a polypeptide chain is known as
a. Transformation b. Transpiration c. Translation
d. Transcription
Which of the following base pair sequences could be produced in DNA replication?
a. AGTCUT
b. AGTCAT
c. AGTCAT d. AGTCAT
TCUGTA
TCAGTA
CTGACG
UCAGUA
During replication, which sequence of nucleotides would bond with the DNA sequence TATGA?
a. TATGA b. UAUGA c. ATACT d. AUAGA
A portion of the nucleotide sequence of a human gene is shown below.
CTGGCGAGAT. Which is its complementary mRNA nucleotide sequence?
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
a. GACCGCUCUA b. CUGGCGAGAU c. ATCTCGCCAG d. TAGAGCGGTC
G T A __ __ __ A A
CATG C ATT
This segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which 3 nucleotides have been deleted. A repair enzyme would replace
them with
a. CGT b. GCA c. CTG d. GTA
b. Double helix b. Nucleotide polymer c. Sugar-phosphate backbone d. Contains adenine-uracil pairs
The structure of DNA is called
a. Mutation b. Double Helix c. Genetic Code d. Transcription
A base sequence is shown: ACAGTGC How would the base sequence be coded on mRNA?
a. TGTCACG b. GUGACAU c. UGUCACG d. CACUGUA
If the base sequence on a portion of messenger RNA is U-U-A-C, what was the DNA sequence in the corresponding region of
the gene?
a. A A U G
b. A A T G
c. T T A G
d. G G U A
In which of the following ways does RNA differ from DNA?
a. RNA contains uracil and deoxyribose
b. RNA contains ribose and thymine
c. RNA contains uracil and ribose
d. RNA contains adenine and ribose
Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a
a. Fatty acid b. starch c. lipid d. 5-carbon sugar
The nucleus includes all of the following structures EXCEPT
a. Cytoplasm b. nuclear envelope c. DNA d. nucleolus
Chromosomes are produced in what part of a eukaryotic cell?
a. Cell wall b. Nucleus c. Ribosome d. Vacuole
16. Which organelle builds proteins?
a. Lysosome b. ribosome c. nucleus d. vacuole
17. How can the same genome be involved in the formation of different cells, tissues, and structures all in the same
embryo?
a. Mutations change the kind of protein that is synthesized
b. Different genes are transcribed in different cell types
c. Cells, tissues, and structures develop at the same time in an embryo
d. Embryos retain the ability to recombine DNA
18. All the somatic (body) cells in your body (hair, muscle, bone, heart, skin, etc) have
a. Different DNA
b. The same, exact complete set of DNA
c. Different mutations
d. The same genes on and off
19. Genetic Engineering has produced goats whose milk contains proteins that can be used as medicines. This effect
was produced by
a. Mixing foreign genes into the milk
b. Injecting foreign genes into the goats’ utters
c. Inserting foreign genes into fertilized goat eggs
d. Genetically modifying the nutritional needs of the goats’ offspring
20. Which information was most important to the development of genetic engineering techniques?
a. The observation of non-dominant alleles
b. The discovery of lethal genes
b. c. The formulation of Punnett Squares
d. The structure of a DNA molecule
21. A bacterium found on the leaves of some plants secretes toxins that kill crop-eating insects. The genes that code
for these toxins are of interest to scientists because of their potential use in
a. Herbicides b. Organic fertilizers c. Antibacterial soaps d.Pesticides
22. Genetic Engineering of plants can produce crops with new and beneficial
a. Traits b, Genotypes c. Marketing Values d. Nutrition
23. A botanist discovered a weedy species of a wild tomato in Peru. This species produced small compared to 4-6&
in domestic tomato. The genes of this tomato could be used to increase the sugar content of domestic tomato by
a. Grafting the wild tomato to domestic ones
b. Cloning the wild tomato with the highest sugar content
c. Selective breeding of hybrid offspring of wild and domestic tomatoes
d. Infecting domestic tomatoes with bacteria taken from the wild tomato
24. One human disease is caused by a change in one codon in a gene from GAA to GUA. This disease is the result of
a. Mutation b. a meiosis error c. crossing over d. polyploidy
25. Which of the following describes genetic mutations correctly?
a. Their effect is always harmful
b. They occur once every generation
c. They occur solely in the form of nucleotide deletions
d. They are a source of genetic variation in a gene pool
26. Which of the following agent is least likely to cause a mutation that will be passed onto future generations?
a. X-rays b. Sunlight c. Nuclear Radiation d. Carcinogenic Chemicals
27. Heritable change in the DNA sequence that affects genetic information
a. Mutation b. Double Helix c. Genetic Code d. Transcription
28. Changes in the genetic code of a human can be transmitted to offspring if the changes occur in
a. Cancer b. gametes c. cell membrane d. evolution
29. What makes the different proteins synthesized by the human body unique?
a. The number of hydrocarbon chains
b. The number and sequence of amino acids
c. The stability of the mRNAs encoding proteins
d. The size of the ribosomes synthesizing proteins
30. The diversity of proteins is possible because
a. There are hundreds of different amino acids
b. The lipid bi-layers are fluid and changeable
c. The possible combinations of amino acids are nearly unlimited
d. The polar ends allow for the substitution of molecules
31. Although there are a limited number of amino acids (20), many different types of proteins exist because the
a. size of a given amino acid can vary
b. chemical composition of a given amino acid can vary
c. sequence and number of amino acids is different
d. same amino acid can have many different properties
32. A characteristic shared by all enzymes, hormones, and antibodies is that their function is determined by the
a. Shape of their molecules
b. DNA they contain
c. Inorganic molecules they contain
d. Organelles present in their structure
33. The clear protein of an egg white becomes opaque and firm when cooked because the heat
a. mutates the DNA b. turns the protein into carbohydrates
c. stops protein formation
d. changes the protein structure
34. The basic units of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are __________ and the basic units of proteins are __________.
a. amino acids; nucleotides
d. nucleotides; amino acids
b. monosaccharides; fatty acids
e. sugars and bases; amino acids
c. bases; tRNAs
35. Scientists cut out genes using
a. Restriction enzymes b. DNA ligase c. RNA polymerase d. scissors
36. DNA contains sections called _________ which have instructions to build ________________.
a. genes; nucleic acids b. codons; bases c. chromosomes; proteins d. genes; proteins
37. What is the complementary sequence from this strand? TATTGCTATTAACGG
a. ATAACGATAATTGCC b. UAUUGCUAUUAACGG c. AUAACGAUAAUUGCC
d. UGACAGUGACGGUAG