* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download STANDARD 10: THE CENTRAL DOGMA
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Frameshift mutation wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
STANDARD 10: THE CENTRAL DOGMA Name________________________ Period___ WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF DNA? DNA is like a _________________ for a car, but instead, it gives instructions through sections of DNA called ________ for how to build ______________ by assembling ______________ in the right combinations. These proteins help build our body and help reveal all our _________. If there is an error in the DNA, called a ________________, the wrong amino acids can be placed, and the protein won’t have the correct __________ and it will not ____________ properly. COMPARE/CONTRAST DNA RNA Double or single stranded? Type of sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Bases it contains (A, T, C, G, U?) Stays in nucleus or leaves? Length of one gene or thousands? < The first image to the left is DNA/RNA? < Circle the 10 nucleotides in the first image to the left <Label the 3 components of a nucleotide on the 2nd image < On the 3rd image, highlight the original DNA strands with one color and the new DNA with another EXPLAIN THE CENTRAL DOGMA: Biologists across the world agree on what they call the “pattern of life” or the ______________ ________________. This outlines the process of how all our traits are formed. It follows the format ____________>_____________>_______________> _______________. ______ is a double stranded nucleic acid that stores our genetic information. It contains sections called ___________ that have instructions to make ___________. One gene leads to one protein. DNA contains __________________ of genes and since it is so valuable, it must be stored and protected in the cell’s _________________. Proteins are made in the ______________ which are out in the cytoplasm. So how does the information get sent from the nucleus to the ribosomes? The answer is_________. When your body needs a protein, only the gene area of DNA will unwind and the enzyme ________________________ will copy only one gene side from DNA onto mRNA. It is called mRNA because m stands for__________________. mRNA carries genetic information out of the nucleus to the ribosomes. The mRNA will leave through the nuclear ____________. The process of creating mRNA from DNA is called _________________________. Once at the ribosomes, the ribosome finds the start _________, a sequence of three letters containing ________. ________, also called transfer RNA brings a specific amino acid to the mRNA sequence. The correct amino acid will be matched because tRNA has an __________ codon which matches mRNA’s codon. Another tRNA lands and the amino acids are connected with a ______________ bond. The first tRNA _________ and the ribosome shifts to the _________. A new tRNA lands and the amino acids connect again. The process continues and now the amino acid chain is called a _______________________ chain. Soon, the ribosome reaches a _________codon and the ribosome breaks away from the mRNA. The process of making proteins from mRNA is called __________________, because we are going from the language of ______ to the language of _____________________. The polypeptide chain folds in a special way according to the amino acid ________________. When folded, this is now the _______________ with a special ___________ that will allow it to perform its_____________. If there was a ___________________ in the DNA, then mRNA would be incorrect, the amino acid order would be wrong, the protein would not fold into the correct shape, the protein won’t do its job in the body, and we would get a disease, like Tay Sach’s. Many other diseases are caused in the same way. Mutations in ________________ cells are the only kind that can be passed down to offspring. Therefore, skin cancer, a mutation in __________________cells cannot be passed down to your offspring, unless the mutation occurred in the testes or ovaries. GENE EXPRESSION: The picture above shows 6 different body cells. Explain how it is possible for these cells to contain the same exact DNA but yet have very different structures and functions. LABEL THE FOLLOWING PICTURE OF THE CENTRAL DOGMA MUTATIONS PRACTICE - Read the following below before continuing There are three ways that DNA can be altered when a mutation (change in DNA sequence) occurs. 1. Substitution – one base-pairs is replaced by another: Example: G to C or A to G C G T C 2. Insertion – one or more base pairs is added to a sequence: Example: CGATGG –– CGAATGG GCTACC GCTTACC 3. Deletion – one or more base pairs is lost from a sequence: Example: CGATGG –– CATGG GCTACC GTACC REMEMBER THE HOMIES A TO THE T, C TO THE G. How to remember? Only one makes a word….AT IN RNA IT IS A TO THE U (Uracil) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING CST RELEASED QUESTIONS TO TEST YOUR SKILLS! Show work Which of the following nucleotide (s) bond (s) with adenine? a. Thymine only b. Uracil only c. Cytosine and Guanine d. Thymine and Uracil Which of the following shows the correct sequence of steps to produce a protein? a. DNA, mRNA, ribosomes, protein b. DNA, ribosomes, mRNA, protein c. mRNA , DNA, ribosomes, protein d. mRNA, DNA, protein, ribosomes In order for a cell to produce proteins, which process must occur? a. RNA must be replicated b. DNA must be replicated c. RNA must be transcribed to make DNA d. DNA must be transcribed to make RNA The process of decoding mRNA into a polypeptide chain is known as a. Transformation b. Transpiration c. Translation d. Transcription Which of the following base pair sequences could be produced in DNA replication? a. AGTCUT b. AGTCAT c. AGTCAT d. AGTCAT TCUGTA TCAGTA CTGACG UCAGUA During replication, which sequence of nucleotides would bond with the DNA sequence TATGA? a. TATGA b. UAUGA c. ATACT d. AUAGA A portion of the nucleotide sequence of a human gene is shown below. CTGGCGAGAT. Which is its complementary mRNA nucleotide sequence? 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. a. GACCGCUCUA b. CUGGCGAGAU c. ATCTCGCCAG d. TAGAGCGGTC G T A __ __ __ A A CATG C ATT This segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which 3 nucleotides have been deleted. A repair enzyme would replace them with a. CGT b. GCA c. CTG d. GTA b. Double helix b. Nucleotide polymer c. Sugar-phosphate backbone d. Contains adenine-uracil pairs The structure of DNA is called a. Mutation b. Double Helix c. Genetic Code d. Transcription A base sequence is shown: ACAGTGC How would the base sequence be coded on mRNA? a. TGTCACG b. GUGACAU c. UGUCACG d. CACUGUA If the base sequence on a portion of messenger RNA is U-U-A-C, what was the DNA sequence in the corresponding region of the gene? a. A A U G b. A A T G c. T T A G d. G G U A In which of the following ways does RNA differ from DNA? a. RNA contains uracil and deoxyribose b. RNA contains ribose and thymine c. RNA contains uracil and ribose d. RNA contains adenine and ribose Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a a. Fatty acid b. starch c. lipid d. 5-carbon sugar The nucleus includes all of the following structures EXCEPT a. Cytoplasm b. nuclear envelope c. DNA d. nucleolus Chromosomes are produced in what part of a eukaryotic cell? a. Cell wall b. Nucleus c. Ribosome d. Vacuole 16. Which organelle builds proteins? a. Lysosome b. ribosome c. nucleus d. vacuole 17. How can the same genome be involved in the formation of different cells, tissues, and structures all in the same embryo? a. Mutations change the kind of protein that is synthesized b. Different genes are transcribed in different cell types c. Cells, tissues, and structures develop at the same time in an embryo d. Embryos retain the ability to recombine DNA 18. All the somatic (body) cells in your body (hair, muscle, bone, heart, skin, etc) have a. Different DNA b. The same, exact complete set of DNA c. Different mutations d. The same genes on and off 19. Genetic Engineering has produced goats whose milk contains proteins that can be used as medicines. This effect was produced by a. Mixing foreign genes into the milk b. Injecting foreign genes into the goats’ utters c. Inserting foreign genes into fertilized goat eggs d. Genetically modifying the nutritional needs of the goats’ offspring 20. Which information was most important to the development of genetic engineering techniques? a. The observation of non-dominant alleles b. The discovery of lethal genes b. c. The formulation of Punnett Squares d. The structure of a DNA molecule 21. A bacterium found on the leaves of some plants secretes toxins that kill crop-eating insects. The genes that code for these toxins are of interest to scientists because of their potential use in a. Herbicides b. Organic fertilizers c. Antibacterial soaps d.Pesticides 22. Genetic Engineering of plants can produce crops with new and beneficial a. Traits b, Genotypes c. Marketing Values d. Nutrition 23. A botanist discovered a weedy species of a wild tomato in Peru. This species produced small compared to 4-6& in domestic tomato. The genes of this tomato could be used to increase the sugar content of domestic tomato by a. Grafting the wild tomato to domestic ones b. Cloning the wild tomato with the highest sugar content c. Selective breeding of hybrid offspring of wild and domestic tomatoes d. Infecting domestic tomatoes with bacteria taken from the wild tomato 24. One human disease is caused by a change in one codon in a gene from GAA to GUA. This disease is the result of a. Mutation b. a meiosis error c. crossing over d. polyploidy 25. Which of the following describes genetic mutations correctly? a. Their effect is always harmful b. They occur once every generation c. They occur solely in the form of nucleotide deletions d. They are a source of genetic variation in a gene pool 26. Which of the following agent is least likely to cause a mutation that will be passed onto future generations? a. X-rays b. Sunlight c. Nuclear Radiation d. Carcinogenic Chemicals 27. Heritable change in the DNA sequence that affects genetic information a. Mutation b. Double Helix c. Genetic Code d. Transcription 28. Changes in the genetic code of a human can be transmitted to offspring if the changes occur in a. Cancer b. gametes c. cell membrane d. evolution 29. What makes the different proteins synthesized by the human body unique? a. The number of hydrocarbon chains b. The number and sequence of amino acids c. The stability of the mRNAs encoding proteins d. The size of the ribosomes synthesizing proteins 30. The diversity of proteins is possible because a. There are hundreds of different amino acids b. The lipid bi-layers are fluid and changeable c. The possible combinations of amino acids are nearly unlimited d. The polar ends allow for the substitution of molecules 31. Although there are a limited number of amino acids (20), many different types of proteins exist because the a. size of a given amino acid can vary b. chemical composition of a given amino acid can vary c. sequence and number of amino acids is different d. same amino acid can have many different properties 32. A characteristic shared by all enzymes, hormones, and antibodies is that their function is determined by the a. Shape of their molecules b. DNA they contain c. Inorganic molecules they contain d. Organelles present in their structure 33. The clear protein of an egg white becomes opaque and firm when cooked because the heat a. mutates the DNA b. turns the protein into carbohydrates c. stops protein formation d. changes the protein structure 34. The basic units of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are __________ and the basic units of proteins are __________. a. amino acids; nucleotides d. nucleotides; amino acids b. monosaccharides; fatty acids e. sugars and bases; amino acids c. bases; tRNAs 35. Scientists cut out genes using a. Restriction enzymes b. DNA ligase c. RNA polymerase d. scissors 36. DNA contains sections called _________ which have instructions to build ________________. a. genes; nucleic acids b. codons; bases c. chromosomes; proteins d. genes; proteins 37. What is the complementary sequence from this strand? TATTGCTATTAACGG a. ATAACGATAATTGCC b. UAUUGCUAUUAACGG c. AUAACGAUAAUUGCC d. UGACAGUGACGGUAG