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Human Nervous system Agha Zohaib Khan What is Nervous System? The network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions and transmit signals between different parts of human body. In Human nervous system consists of two parts, central and peripheral. The central nervous system contains the brain, spinal cord, and retina. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, clusters of neurons called ganglia, and nerves connecting them to each other and to the central nervous system. 2 Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com Functions of Nervous System 1. Sensory input – gathering information To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body (changes = stimuli) 2. Integration – to process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed. 3. Motor output 3 A response to integrated stimuli The response activates muscles or glands Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com Structural Classification Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 4 Nerve outside the brain and spinal cord Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com Neurons Neurons = nerve cells 5 Cells specialized to transmit messages Major regions of neurons Cell body – nucleus and metabolic center of the cell Processes – fibers that extend from the cell body (dendrites and axons) Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com 6 Neuron- basic structural unit of the nervous system Dendrites- carry impulses towards the cell Axon-carry impulses away from the cell Myelin sheath Synaptic terminal Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com Functional Classification of Neurons • Sensory (afferent) neurons > Carry impulses from the sensory receptors • Motor (efferent) neurons > Carry impulses from the central nervous system 7 Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com Central Nervous System 8 Cerebrum-largest part of brain. Responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, speech, sensation, etc. Divided into two halves. Further divided into lobes; occipital, parietal, temporal and frontal Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com 9 Cerebellum-responsible for muscle coordination Brain stem- most basic functions; respiration, swallowing, blood pressure. Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com Medulla Oblongata The lowest part of the brain stem Merges into the spinal cord Includes important fiber tracts Contains important control centers > Heart rate control > Blood pressure regulation > Breathing > Swallowing > Vomiting 10 Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com 11 Spinal cord- begins at foramen magnum and ends at second lumbar vertebrae Contains both afferent (to the brain) and efferent (motor neurons- away from the brain) Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com Both the brain and spinal cord are covered by a membrane system called the meninges In addition, the brain has four hollow areas called ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles and baths the brain and spinal column 12 Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system (PNS, or occasionally PeNS) consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. he main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs. 13 Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com Peripheral nervous system Somatic system 12 pairs cranial nerves 31 pairs spinal nerves Autonomic is the part of the (PNS) that acts as a control system functioning largely below the level of consciousness. 14 Agha Zohaib Khan ::: www.css.theazkp.com