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Nina Wells
Psychology:
Chapter 1-4
Behavior
Everything an individual does that can be DIRECTLY OBSERVED.
Mental Processes
Thoughts, Feelings, and Motives that people experience privately.
Cannot be observed directly.
Attitudes Central to
Scientific Approach
Critical thinking, Curiosity, Skepticism, Objectivity
Structuralism
Wundt’s approach to discovering basic elements or structures of mental processes.
William James
Steam of Consciousness.
Wilhelm Wundt
1842-1910. Pragmatism, Functionalism, James Lange Theory of Emotion, Father of
Psychology, Principle of Psychology.
B.F. Skinner
Orient Conditioning, Learning Theories
Carl Rogers
Humanistic Psychologist, agrees w/ Maslow. Ppl need environment, it provides them
generousness, acceptance, and empathy. SELF ACTUASLIZATION, Fully Functioning Ppl.
Biological
Focusing on the BODY, especially BRAIN & NERVOUS SYSTEM
Psychodynamic
An approach emphasizing study of UNCONSCIOUS THOUGHT CONFLICT between biological
drives (SEX DRIVE), Societies Demand & Early childhood experiences.
Behavioral
An approach emphasizing study of OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES & their
ENVIORNMENTS
Evolutionary
Approach centered on evolutionary idea; ADAPTION, REPRODUCTN, NATURAL SELECTION
as basis for explaining specific human behaviors.
Sociocultural
Examines influences of social and cultural environments on behaviors.
Cognitive
Study emphasizing mental processes involved in knowing how we direct our attention,
perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.
Theory
Broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to EXPLAIN OBSERVATIONS & to
MAKE PREDICTIONS about future observations.
Hypothesis
TESTABLE PREDICTION, derives logically from a theory.
Confounds
An EXTRANUEOUS VAIRABLE in experimental design that correlates with BOTH
DEPENDANT/INDEPENDENT variables. 3rd VARIABLE PROBLEM
Descriptive Research
Depicts what already exists, a group or POPULATION. Not in it to measure effect of
variable, they just want to describe.
Experimental Research
Involves MANIPULATING VARIABLE.
Longitudinal Research
SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION by Correlational Researchers. Involves obtaining measures of
variables of interest in multiple waves over times.
Independent Variables
Manipulated experimental factor variable, that person changes to see the effects.
Control Group
Participants in experiment, like experimental group, treated like experimental groups.
Except for A MANIPULATED FACTOR, an independent variable.
PSYCHOLOGY 001: Chapter 1-4
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EXAM #1 STUDY GUIDE
Double-Blind
Experiment
Neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of who is the control group or the
untampered with experimental group.
Population
Entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions.
Peer Review
Evaluation of scientific, academic or professional work done by others in same field.
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
Brain and Spinal Cord
Sympathetic Nervous
System (SNS)
Part of ANS (Autonomic Nervous System).
AROUSES body to mobilize for ACTION.
Involved in experience of Stress.
Parasympathetic
Nervous System (PNS)
Part of ANS (Autonomic Nervous System).
Calms body down. RELAXANT.
Dendrites
Tree-like FIBERS projecting from a Neuron.
Receive info & orient it towards Neuron Cell Body.
Myelin Sheath
Layers of FAT CELLS ENCASING/insulating Axons.
Action Potential
Brief wave OF POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE that sweeps DOWN the Axon
Acetylcholine (AcH)
STIMULATES firing of Neurons. Involved in action of MUSCLES, LEARNING & MEMORY.
Found in CNS (Central Nervous System) & PNS (Parasympathetic Nervous System).
LOW LEVELS = ALZHEIMERS
Serotonin
(5-hydroxytryptamine) is a MONOAMINE NEUROTRANSMITTER. Biochemically derived
from tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and
the central nervous system (CNS).
Hypothalamus
FOREBRAIN structure. Located BELOW Thalamus. Monitors 3 PLEASURE: SEX, DRINKING,
EATING & EMOTION, STRESS/REWARD.
Pons
Located ABOVE MEDULLA OBLIGATE, BELOW MIDEBRAIN.2.5 CM LONG. Serves as BRIDGE
BETWEEN various parts of the NERVE SYSTEM, Including CEREBELUM/CEREBRUM.
PATHWAYS for NERVE BUNDLES. RESPITORY, CHEWING, SWALLOWING, CONCIOUSNESS
Medulla (OMBLIGATA)
The inner region of an organ or tissue, especially when it is distinguishable from the outer
region or cortex (as in a kidney, an adrenal gland, or hair).
Cerebellum
The part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate
and regulate muscular activity.
Corpus Callosum
BUNDLE of Axons. CONNECTS brains TWO HEMISHPERES. Relays info between the two.
Cerebral Cortex
Part of FOREBRAIN. OUTTER LAYER of brain. Responsible for THINKING & PLANNING.
Motor Cortex
In CEREBRAL CORTEX. Located BEHIND Frontal Lobes. Processes info of VOLUNTARY
MOVEMENT
Adrenal Glands
Top of each KIDNEY. Regulates MOODS, ENERGY, And COPE WITH STRESS.
Endorphins
Natural OPIATE. STIMULATES firing of Neurons. Shield body from PAIN. Heightens
PLEASURE.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA)
Complex MOLICULE in cells CHROMESOMES. Carries genetic info.
PSYCHOLOGY 001: Chapter 1-4
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EXAM #1 STUDY GUIDE
Perception
Process of ORGANIZING/INTERPRETING sensory info.
Sensation
Process of RECEIVING STIMULI energies from the EXTERNAL environment TRANSFORMING
these energies into NATURAL ENERGY.
Sensory Receptors
Specialized cells DETECT STIMULOUS info & transmit it to sensory (AFFERENT NERVES) &
brain.
Optic Nerve
Made of Axons of GANGLION CELLS. Carries visual to brain.
Gestalt Psychologists
School of thought. Interested in how people NATURALLY ORGANIZE their perceptions
ACCORDING TO CERTAIN PATTERNS.
Controlled Processes
MOST ALERT STATE of consciousness. Individuals ACTIVELY FOCUS their efforts TOWARDS
A GOAL.
Autonomic Processes
State of consciousness, requires LITTLE ATTENTION. Does NOT interfere with other
ongoing activities.
Altered State of
Consciousness
Produced by drug, fatigue, trauma and other factors. HYPNOSIS is a form of altered state.
Circadian Rhythm
Biological process. 24hr Rhythms. Circadian Clock. Biological Temporal
Rhythms=chronobiology SELF SUSTANIED/BUILT-IN. Adjusted by environmental cues like
sunlight.
Insomnia
Habitual Sleeplessness, caused by anxiety ,drugs, etc.
Sleepwalking
Walking around while asleep, also can perform other actions while asleep.
Narcolepsy
Involves AMYGDALA&HYPOTHALMUS. Sudden overpowering urge to sleep.
UNCONTROLLABLE. IMMEDIATELY ENTERS REM. Triggered by LAUGHTER, TRUMA, ANGER,
and EXCITEMENT.
Dependence
PHYSIOLOGICAL need for drug, causes unpleasant WITHDRAWL symptoms. PHYSICAL
PAIN, CRAVING for drug when cut off.
Addiction
PHYSCIAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDANCE on drug.
Tolerance
Cellular Adaption.
Binge Drinking
4-5 drinks in a row, 3x in 2weeks.
Stimulants
Substance that RAISES levels of PYSHIOLOGICAL or NERVOUS activity in body. Tonic,
Restorative.
Depressants
A drug with sedative features. Calming, Soporific, OPIATE, hypnotic.
Hallucinogens
A drug that causes hallucinations
Hypnosis
Psychological state. Altered attention/awareness=unusually receptive to suggestions.