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DNA Structure DNA is a type of nucleic acid. Nucleic acids are long chains of nucleotides. One Nucleotide Diagram of a nucleotide Deoxyribose DNA=Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell Its function is to store and transmit genetic information. Structure: Scientists James Watson and Francis Crick are credited with discovering the structure of DNA in 1953 Watson However: Rosalind Franklin played a role in helping them discover DNA’s structure. She used x-ray crystallography to take pictures of DNA. Unfortunately, she died at age 37 before any recognition was given to her. A DNA molecule is made of 2 strands which wind around each other in the shape of a double helix. The nitrogen bases point toward the center of the molecule. In other words a molecule of DNA looks like a twisted ladder with steps made of Nitrogen Bases. The four different nitrogen bases in DNA are: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T). A always pairs with T, and G always pairs with C. The bases that pair with each other are called complementary bases. Two types of Bases: • Purines (two rings): • Pyrimidines (one ring): • Ex: Guanine, Adenine • Ex: Thymine, Cytosine • Drawing: • Drawing: A single DNA molecule may contain thousands of nucleotides (bases). The order of the nucleotides (bases) in a DNA sequence is a code that provides instructions for making proteins. •A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein is called a gene. • In your cells, DNA wraps up tightly around proteins called histones to produce a substance called chromatin. Chromatin condenses during cell division (mitosis) to form chromosomes What is a gene? A gene is: • A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein (proteins make your traits) So if genes make proteins, what do proteins do? • Make up all of your traits: – Hair type and hair color (Keratin) – Skin color (melanin) – What enzymes you have to break down the food that you eat (lactase, peroxidase, amylase) – How strong you are: muscles (actin and myosin) Drawing of DNA Base Pairs: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine 1 Nucleotide Backbone made of sugar and phosphate How can a seemingly simple code with only 4 letters produce millions of different genes? • The code is read 3 bases at a time (4x4x4=64) and can be thousands or millions of base pairs long. • (64 x 64 x 64 x 64…….) end