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Biology Test Topics Chapters 11-12 Slideshows, homework, labs, articles, and textbook are your tools for studying for this test. Remember, this is a GUIDE, not a list of every single thing that will be on the test. You must explore the topics in detail as you study. Be thorough in your explanations! The more detailed your study, the more successful you will be on the test. Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics Know all vocabulary from Mendelian genetics presentation Know the vocabulary from 11.4 on meiosis: (meiosis, diploid, haploid, chromosome, gene, homologous pair, tetrad, crossing over, daughter cell, sister chromatids, zygote, sperm, egg, fertilization) Who was Gregor Mendel? What was his contribution to genetics? Explain Mendel’s Principle of Dominance. Use an example of a gene governed by Mendelian dominance to explain your answer. You may make up a scenario. Do the same for the non-Mendelian genetic patterns of incomplete, dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles (human blood type uses codominance and multiple alleles) What are polygenic traits? What does the law of independent assortment say? How is mathematical probability related to genetics? Be able to create a monohybrid cross Punnett square or a dihybrid cross Punnett square if you are given the genotypes of the parents. You should also be able to interpret the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting offspring possibilities, along with the percent chance of occurrence of a particular genotype and phenotype. (Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross homework) How can genes be affected by the environment? Use the Western White butterfly as an example. Find another example in the animal or plant world of genes being affected by environment. What is meiosis? Compare and contrast to mitosis Know the details of the phases of meiosis I and meiosis II. Be able to identify diagrams of each phase. Know the “ploid” value of the daughter cells of mitosis and the daughter cells of meiosis. Know how many sperm and eggs are made from the meiosis of a single diploid oocyte (in a female) or spermatocyte (in a male) Chapter 12: DNA DNA is found in all living things DNA transmits hereditary material What are genes made of? What is the role of DNA? (3 things) Polymer (macromolecule) and monomer (name and three parts and also list the four types of bases that can be present in this monomer) Be able to label a diagram of DNA Bonding type between sugar and phosphate molecules Bonding type between bases Shape of DNA Major contributions of the following scientist to our knowledge of DNA: Chargaff, Rosalind Franklin, James Watson and Francis Crick Why are the sugar-phosphate strands of DNA antiparallel? What does “antiparallel” mean? If the DNA of all organisms uses the same four bases (A, T, G, and C) then what accounts for the diversity of organisms? What is the process called by which DNA copies itself? What does it mean to say that DNA has “complimentary” strands? What does it mean to say that this process is “semi-conservative?” What is the basic process by which eukaryotic DNA replicates itself? Be sure to mention the action of enzymes. What is a telomere? How can telomeres be related to cancerous growth? Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication Be able to label any of the diagrams in our DNA packet. Gel electrophoresis: how does it work? What can it be used for? What is the purpose of the electrode? What does the gel do? How do short and long strands of DNA behave differently when moving through the gel? Rosalind Franklin vs. Watson and Crick controversy. What is your opinion on whether or not Franklin should have been recognized by the Nobel Committee for her work on DNA. Explain and demonstrate understanding of the issue. How can you extract DNA from cells? Why would we do this? How do we do it? What does it look like? Explain the general process. Good luck! Study hard!