Download Biology Test Topics Chapters 11-12 Slideshows

Biology Test Topics
Chapters 11-12
Slideshows, homework, labs, articles, and textbook are your tools for studying for this test.
Remember, this is a GUIDE, not a list of every single thing that will be on the test. You must explore
the topics in detail as you study. Be thorough in your explanations! The more detailed your study, the
more successful you will be on the test.
Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics
 Know all vocabulary from Mendelian genetics presentation
 Know the vocabulary from 11.4 on meiosis: (meiosis, diploid, haploid, chromosome, gene,
homologous pair, tetrad, crossing over, daughter cell, sister chromatids, zygote, sperm, egg,
fertilization)
 Who was Gregor Mendel? What was his contribution to genetics?
 Explain Mendel’s Principle of Dominance. Use an example of a gene governed by Mendelian
dominance to explain your answer. You may make up a scenario.
 Do the same for the non-Mendelian genetic patterns of incomplete, dominance, codominance,
and multiple alleles (human blood type uses codominance and multiple alleles)
 What are polygenic traits?
 What does the law of independent assortment say?
 How is mathematical probability related to genetics?
 Be able to create a monohybrid cross Punnett square or a dihybrid cross Punnett square if you
are given the genotypes of the parents. You should also be able to interpret the genotypes and
phenotypes of the resulting offspring possibilities, along with the percent chance of occurrence
of a particular genotype and phenotype. (Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross homework)
 How can genes be affected by the environment? Use the Western White butterfly as an
example. Find another example in the animal or plant world of genes being affected by
environment.
 What is meiosis? Compare and contrast to mitosis
 Know the details of the phases of meiosis I and meiosis II. Be able to identify diagrams of each
phase.
 Know the “ploid” value of the daughter cells of mitosis and the daughter cells of meiosis.
 Know how many sperm and eggs are made from the meiosis of a single diploid oocyte (in a
female) or spermatocyte (in a male)
Chapter 12: DNA
 DNA is found in all living things
 DNA transmits hereditary material
 What are genes made of?
 What is the role of DNA? (3 things)
 Polymer (macromolecule) and monomer (name and three parts and also list the four types of
bases that can be present in this monomer)
 Be able to label a diagram of DNA
 Bonding type between sugar and phosphate molecules
 Bonding type between bases
 Shape of DNA
 Major contributions of the following scientist to our knowledge of DNA: Chargaff, Rosalind
Franklin, James Watson and Francis Crick
 Why are the sugar-phosphate strands of DNA antiparallel? What does “antiparallel” mean?
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If the DNA of all organisms uses the same four bases (A, T, G, and C) then what accounts for
the diversity of organisms?
What is the process called by which DNA copies itself?
What does it mean to say that DNA has “complimentary” strands?
What does it mean to say that this process is “semi-conservative?”
What is the basic process by which eukaryotic DNA replicates itself? Be sure to mention the
action of enzymes.
What is a telomere? How can telomeres be related to cancerous growth?
Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication
Be able to label any of the diagrams in our DNA packet.
Gel electrophoresis: how does it work? What can it be used for? What is the purpose of the
electrode? What does the gel do? How do short and long strands of DNA behave differently
when moving through the gel?
Rosalind Franklin vs. Watson and Crick controversy. What is your opinion on whether or not
Franklin should have been recognized by the Nobel Committee for her work on DNA. Explain
and demonstrate understanding of the issue.
How can you extract DNA from cells? Why would we do this? How do we do it? What does it
look like? Explain the general process.
Good luck! Study hard!