Download transformation mean? transcription and translation

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Exam 3 will cover lectures 9 – 12, as well as Labs 6 and 7
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What is inheritance? What are traits and how do they relate to chromosomes?
What is an allele? A locus?
How is a recessive allele different than a dominant allele?
Know the difference between heterozygotes and homozygotes.
How are genotype and phenotype different? Be able to identify examples.
What does a Punnett square tell you? Be able to complete and evaluate Punnett squares.
Genes on the same chromosome are said to be linked and are therefore usually inherited
together. When might these genes be separated and inherited independently?
Define incomplete dominance and be able to identify examples.
Define simple inheritance and be able to identify examples.
Define codominance and be able to identify examples.
What genotypes would be affected in a recessive inheritance disorder? In a dominant
inheritance disorder?
What is an autosome?
How is sex determined in humans?
Compare and contrast the X and Y chromosomes.
What is a sex linked disorder? Is it usually related to the X or Y chromosome?
What is the value of a pedigree? Be able to interpret a pedigree and fill in missing
genotypes
What is nondisjunction and when does it occur?
How is monosomy different than trisomy? How is the outcome of these conditions different
when a sex chromosome is involved as opposed to an autosome?
What is the primary information storage molecule in cells? How is it that DNA can store so
much information, even though it only has 4 bases?
What does the term transformation mean?
What are the components of nucleotides? How are nucleotides connected to form nucleic
acids? What is the difference between the structures of RNA and DNA? How are the 2
strands of DNA held together?
Which base pairs bind to each other? Why will no other pairs bind?
What nitrogenous bases are a part of RNA? DNA?
Given a sequence of DNA bases, be able to determine the sequence of the compliment
strand
Be able to define both transcription and translation
Given a sequence of DNA, be able to determine the sequence of an mRNA strand that would
be transcribed from it, and then determine the amino acid sequence that would be
translated
What are histones? What is their function? What is chromatin? When is chromatin
present? When are chromosomes present?
What is junk DNA? What purpose does it serve? How much of the human genome actually
codes for proteins?
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Know the flow of information in a cell: DNA to RNA to protein
Protein is the major structural and functional component of a cell
Why is a liver cell different from a kidney cell? How to cells specialize within a multicellular
organism?
How many DNA bases are needed to code for a single amino acid? What do we call this
group of DNA bases?
DNA doesn’t leave the nucleus – how does the information coded in the DNA get to the
protein-making machinery?
What organelle is the site of protein synthesis? What is this organelle made from?
Understand the basic process of transcription – what are the 3 steps, and what happens at
each step?
What is a codon?
What happens to mRNA after transcription? What is an intron? An exon? What is the
benefit of mRNA processing/splicing?
Know that the genetic code is universal – the same codon codes for the same amino acid in
all species
Know the 3 different types of RNA and their basic functions
What is an anticodon? How many bases does it contain? Where is it found?
What is a DNA mutation? What are some factors that lead to DNA mutation? How does
the cell deal with mutations?
Know the types of mutations we discussed in class (addition, deletion, point mutation,
frameshift, inversion, translocation) and be able to identify examples
Know the potential consequences of mutations
Be able to interpret electrophoresis gels