Download The Cell Membrane and Homeostasis

9/16/13
• Describe how temperature and pH affect
enzymes using the graphs constructed Friday.
• Summarize how you know enzymes have an
optimal temperature and pH using graphs.
9/17/13
• Interpret the following graphs. Describe how
temperature and pH effect enzyme activity.
Analysis Questions
• Digestive Tract Enzymes- function well in
acidic environment
• Alkaline- basic pH 8-14
• Intestine – 7-9 pH
• Stomach – 1-4 pH
2nd – Enzyme Practice Question Groups
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Tony, Assyria, Quantavius
Amber, Aaliyah F., Toretta
Desiree, Maleka, Gary
Deandre, Jeremy, Timonte
Arquelius, D Moore, Keshawn
Seth, Zykiyah, Amara
Amberia, Khory, Toni
Trayvon, Tanisha, Shambria
Johnna, Briunna, Kierra
5th- Enzyme Practice Question
Groups
1-Trenton, ShaQuavia, De'Juana, Isiah
2- Monkeize, Aaliyah, Darius
3- Jazmin, Esmeralda, LaKesha
4- Nah'ja, Antario, Nala
5- Michael, Ca’Darius, Michaela
6- Anterica, Walter, Roderick
7- Odyssey, Alexis, Tre
8- Damion, Javarus, Demarcus
9/18/13
• Testing Day- This is an opportunity for you to
showcase what you have learned. Remember,
use the following testing strategies to help you
“Perform and Achieve”:
– Underline key concepts
– Circle distracters
– Eliminate choices you KNOW are wrong
Science Notebook
• Complete pages 67 and 69`
Reading Essentials
• Begin Reading Chapter 7 Section 2- Plasma
Membrane
• Underline/highlight as you read
9/19/13
• Quick Write: CELLS
Topic: Cell Membranes
Standard and Essential Question
• SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the
relationships between structures and
functions in living cells.
• EQ: Analyze the structure of the cell
membrane. How does the structure of the cell
membrane enable cells to maintain
homeostasis?
Key Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Cells
Prokaryote (n) prokaryotic (adj)
Eukaryote (n) eukaryotic (adj)
Homeostasis
Maintain
Cell/plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Isotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution
Facilitated diffusion
15. Active transport
16. Endocytosis
17. Exocytosis
18. Sodium (Na+) potassium (K+)
pump
19. Transport protein
20. Cholesterol
21. Carbohydrate chains
Create a Concept Map linking ALL
vocabulary terms to
demonstrate understanding of
terms.
Cell Facts
• The average human being is
composed of around 100 Trillion
individual cells!!!
• It would take as many as 50 cells to
cover the area of a dot on the
letter “i”
• Cells are too small to be seen with
the unaided eye
• Before microscopes were invented,
scientists knew very little about
cells
• p. 95, Fig. 6.2
Microscope Technology
• Compound Light Microscopes
– Has glass lenses that uses visible light to magnify images
– Most commonly used microscopes (what we use)
• Electron Microscopes
– Transmission Electron Microscope
• Passing electrons through a specimen on to a fluorescent screen
– Scanning Electron Microscope
• Passing electrons OVER a specimen to produce a 3-D image
Discovery of Cells
• 1665- English Scientist, Robert Hooke, discovered cells while
looking at a thin slice of cork.
• He described the cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb
• He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi
Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
• Father of microbiology
• Dutch glass grinder who invented first microscope
• 1673 - Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum &
discovered single-celled organisms
• He called them “animalcules”
(now known as protists)
Development of the Cell Theory
• 1838 - German Botanist, Matthias Schleiden, concluded
that all plant parts are made of cells
• 1839 - German physiologist and naturalist, Theodor
Schwann, who was a close friend of Schleiden, stated
that all animal tissues are composed of cells.
Development of the Cell Theory
• 1858- Rudolf Virchow, German
physician/botanist/politician, after extensive study of
cellular pathology, concluded that cells must arise from
preexisting cells.
• “All cells come from
other cells”
Omnis cellula e cellulaz
• Therefore, it was known
that cells are found in
animals as well as plants
The Cell Theory
 The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now
complete:
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
(Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things.
(Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
3. All cells are produced by the division of
preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858)
Modern Cell Theory
• Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements,
in addition to the original Cell Theory:
1. Cells contains hereditary information (DNA) which is passed
on from cell to cell during cell division.
2. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and
metabolic activities.
3. All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried out
inside the cells (movement, digestion, etc)
4. Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular
structures within the cell (organelles, nucleus, plasma
membrane, etc)
How has the Cell Theory been used?
• The basic discovered
truths about cells,
listed in the Cell
Theory, are the basis
for things such as:
– Disease/Health/Medica
l Research and Cures
(AIDS, Cancer, Vaccines,
Stem Cell Research,
etc.)
The Cell Membrane and
Homeostasis
1 - Create Format
Essential Question:
What is the rationale
and research behind
Focused Note-Taking?
2 - Organize Notes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Listen and take notes in your own words.
Paraphrase what you hear.
Skip lines between ideas.
Abbreviate.
Use symbols.
Write in phrases.
Use bullets/lists.
Recognize cues.
3 - Review & Revise Notes
Review & Revise Notes continued…
4 - Note Key Ideas
• Identify first “chunk”
or “big idea” of the
notes.
• Write a question about
the main idea of that
“chunk” on LEFT.
• Repeat until all
“chunks” are identified
with corresponding
questions.
Types of Cells
• 2 types of cells
1. Prokaryotic –no nucleus
2. Eukaryotic – contains a nucleus
Types of Cells : Similar Structures
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Genetic information (DNA and RNA)
Cell/ plasma membrane
The Plasma Membrane
Functions of the Cell Membrane
• “Selective Permeability”
• Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Structure of the Cell Membrane
•
•
•
•
•
Mostly Made of Lipids
“Phospholipid Bilayer”
Polar, hydrophilic (water-loving) heads
Nonpolar, hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails
Proteins, cholesterols, & carbohydrate chains
located throughout cell membrane
• PLEASE see diagram p. 188!!
“Phospholipid Bilayer”
Functions: Proteins, Carbohydrates, & Lipids make
the Cell Membrane
• Proteins
– Receptor Proteins
• Sends messages to the
inside of the cell
– Transport Proteins
• Move substances in and out
of the cell
• Carbohydrates
– Cell identity ~ helps tell cells
apart from one another
• Cholesterol
– Helps cell to maintain flexibility
9/20/13
Which of these describes the primary function
of the cell membrane?
A. They allow all materials to enter and exit the cell
B. They allow certain materials to enter and exit the cell
C. They do not allow molecules to enter or exit the cell
D. they allow all materials to enter the cell, but not exit
Fluid Mosaic Model
• Cell membrane described as a fluid mosaic
model.
Fluid Mosaic Model:“Fluid”
• Refers to the phospholipid bilayer.
• Molecules are not bonded together, so are
free to shift.
• Must remain "fluid" for membranes to
function.
Fluid Mosaic Model:“Mosaic”
• Proteins: float in a sea of phospholipids.
• Proteins form a collage or mosaic pattern that
shifts over time.
Cellular Transport
Cellular Transport
• Two types of Cellular Transport
1. Passive Transport
2. Active Transport
• Passive Transport
– Transport across the cell
membrane that DOES
NOT require energy
 Active Transport
 Transport across the cell
membrane that DOES
require energy
Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated Diffusion
Passive Transport: Diffusion
• Diffusion
– Movement of particles
from an area of high
concentration to low
concentration until both
sides are equal
Passive Transport: Osmosis
Diffusion of
WATER
Water moves in
the direction of
higher solute
concentration in
order to dilute it
until both sides
are equal
Equilibrium
Passive Transport: Osmosis:Tonicity
• Isotonic Solution
– Same concentration on both sides
– Water moves in and out of cell at the same rate
• Hypertonic Solution
– Concentration of solute outside the cell is HIGHER than
inside the cell
– Water moves OUT of cell
• Hypotonic Solution
– Concentration of solute outside the cell is LOWER than
inside the cell
– Water moves INTO cell
Cell in Isotonic Solution
10% NaCL
90% H2O
ENVIRONMENT
CELL
10% NaCL
90% H2O
NO NET
MOVEMENT
What is the direction of water movement?
equilibrium
The cell is at _______________.
copyright cmassengale
47
Cell in Hypotonic Solution
10% NaCL
90% H2O
CELL
20% NaCL
80% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
copyright cmassengale
48
Cell in Hypertonic Solution
15% NaCL
85% H2O
ENVIRONMENT
CELL
5% NaCL
95% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
copyright cmassengale
49
A.
B.
C.
1. Hypertonic,
Hypotonic, or
Isotonic?
2. Which way
will water
move?
3. What
happens to
the cell?
A.
B.
C.
•Hypertonic
•Water moves OUT
•Shrink
•Hypotonic
•Water moves IN
•Swell
•Isotonic
•Water moves in and
out at same rate
•No change
1. Hypertonic,
Hypotonic, or
Isotonic?
2. Which way
will water
move?
3. What
happens to
the cell?
Factors that Effect Diffusion
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Concentration
Temperature
Pressure
Particle size
Mixing
Osmosis
Passive Transport: Facilitated
Diffusion
• Facilitated Diffusion
– Requires the help
of transport
proteins when
molecules are too
large to diffuse
through the
membrane
Active Transport
1. Endocytosis
2. Exocytosis
3. Sodium Potassium Pump
Active Transport: Endocytosis
Cell membrane surrounds a substance outside the
cell, encloses it, and brings it INTO the cell
Active Transport: Exocytosis
Cell membrane
surrounds a
substance
inside the cell,
encloses it, and
transports it
OUTSIDE the
cell
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120
068/bio02.swf::Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis
Active Transport: Sodium
Potassium Pump
– Pumps 3 Sodiums (Na)
outside the cell while
pumping 2 Potassiums
(K) into the cell
– This pump helps energy
(ATP) transformations
that give the cell energy
https://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_sodium
_potassium_pump_works.html
Questions?
9/23/13
• Which structure is responsible for allowing
materials into and out of an animal cell?
A. Nucleus
C. Mitochondrion
B. cell wall
D. cell membrane
9/24/13
• If an animal cell is placed in distilled water, it
will swell and burst. The bursting of the cell is
a result of which biological process?
A. active transport
B. enzyme activity
C. osmosis
D. respiration
Friday’s Items
• Completed Vocabulary
– Concept map and summary
– Frayer models (5th period ONLY)
• Science notebook pages
• Cornell Note Summaries
9/25/13
• When Streptococcus pneumoniae are exposed
to an antibiotic, the bacteria try to pump the
antibiotic out of their cells. Which of the
following mechanisms is most likely used by
the Streptococcus pneumoniae to pump the
antibiotic out of their cells?
A. Active transport
B. Diffusion
C. facilitated diffusion
D. osmosis
9/26/13
• The diagram below shows changes in the concentrations of
sodium and potassium ions inside and outside a nerve cell.
These changes prepare the nerve cell to conduct an electrical
impulse.
Which of the following processes is directly responsible for these
changes in the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and
outside the nerve cell?
A. Active transport
B. enzyme activity
C.osmosis
D. transcription
9/27/13
Use Cornell notes to answer the following
questions.
1. Hypothesize how a cell would be affected if it
lost the ability to be selectively permeable/
semipermeable?
2. Predict. What might happen to a cell if it no
longer could produce cholesterol?
Stages in the Construction of a
Concept Map
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Brainstorming
Organizing
Layout
Linking
Revising
Finalizing
1. Brainstorming
• List all terms and concepts associated with the
topic of interest
2. Organizing
• Spread concepts on a blackboard so that they
can be easily read
• Create groups and subgroups of related items
• Group items to recognize hierarchies (order)
3. Layout Stage
• Arrange terms based on interrelationships and
connections among groupings
• Within sub-grouping, place closely related
items nearer to each other
4. Linking phase
• Use lines with arrows to connect the items.
• Write a word or short phrases for each arrow
to specify the relationship
• Many arrows can originate or terminate on
important concepts
5. Revising stage
• Carefully examine the draft concept map
• Rearrange concepts to emphasize organization
and appearance
• Remove or combine items to simplify
• Consider adding color or different fonts
6. Finalizing map
• Finalize the arrangement of items that
conveys better understanding
• Be creative by using colors, fonts and shapes
Focus Terms-1st Set









Cells
eukaryote
prokaryote
homeostasis
cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer
transport protein
carbohydrate chains
cholesterol
Focus Terms- 2nd Set
Passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Isotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution
Facilitated diffusion
Focus Terms- 3rd Set
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Sodium potassium pump
Testing
• Clear your desk
• #2 pencil
• Blank sheet of notebook paper
Assignments
• Science Glencoe Notebook (Due Friday, 9/27)
– Pages 67, 69, 73-75
• Concept Map with summary (Due Friday,
9/27)
• GIZMO: Osmosis- Prior Knowledge Questions
(Due Thursday, 10/3)
• Cell Membrane Worksheet (Due Thursday,
10/3)
Assessment!
• Cell Membrane and Transport Assessment
Thursday.
• 20 questions-cell membrane and transport
• 5 questions- previously covered standards
GIZMO: Account Set Up
1. www.explorelearning.com
2. Select enroll in a class
3. Enter class code:
1. 2nd period: 7NH3QCJJVP
2. 4th period: VDUPZ6EERL
3. 5th period: HJFWD24KC4
4. Register for a class
5. Username: first name lunch ID
6. Password: lunch ID
5th period- GIZMO groups
• Coach Clark
1. Trenton, Odyssey
2. Michael, Esmeralda
3. Jazmin, Javarus
4. Nah’ja
5. Tre, De’juana
6. Isiah, Damian
7. Monkieze
• Mrs. Gordon
1. Lakesha, Antario
2. Aaliyah,
3. Roderick, Darius,
Roderick
4. Michaela
5. Anterica, Rutledge
6. Walter, Ca’Darius,
Alexis
GIZMO Discussion Questions
1. Which particles can pass through the semi permeable
membrane shown in the Gizmo? Which particles cannot
pass through?
2. What is the relationship between solute concentration and
solvent concentration?
3. What happens when the solute concentration outside the cell
is increased? Why?
4. What causes the cell to stop swelling or shrinking?
5. What do you think would happen if you placed a cell in pure
water?
6. What do you think would happen if you placed a one-celled
freshwater organism into the ocean? What would happen if
you placed a one-celled marine organism into fresh water?
9/30/13
1. The plasma membrane consists of
A. Two layers of lipids organized with the nonpolar tails forming
the interior of the membrane
B. Protein molecules arranged in two layers with polar areas
forming the outside of the membrane
C. Lipid molecules positioned between two carbohydrate layers
D. Protein molecules with polar and nonpolar tails
10/1/13
1. What structure is characterized as being semi
permeable and responsible for allowing
nutrients and waste into and out of a cell?
A. mitochondrion
C. Cell wall
B. nucleus
D. cell membrane
USAtestprep.com
• Assignments need to be complete
• No talking-ONLY working-preparing for
Thursday’s Exam
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Cell membrane/plasma
membrane
Homeostasis
Passive transport
Active transport
Osmosis
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion
Transport protein
Cholesterol
Phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophobic
hydrophilic
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Sodium potassium pump
Enzyme
Lipid
Concentration gradient
Carbohydrate
Nucleic acids
Polar
Semi permeable
Selectively permeable
Substrate
Active site
Products
denature
Differentiated Instruction
• Students with Cornell notes- groups no larger
than three- identify the main idea of your
notes and create questions using DOK wheel
at level 2 or higher
• Students without cornell notes- compare and
contrast passive and active transportcompare and contrast the three types of
passive transport: diffusion, osmosis,
facilitated diffusion
10/2/13
1. Depending on its electric charge, shape, and
chemical properties, a substance may or may not be
allowed to pass through a cell membrane. This
function of the cell membrane is important because
it _______________.
A. prevents cell division
B. prevents destruction of the cell wall
C. allows the cell to maintain homeostasis
D. allows amino acids to move into and out of the cell
10/3/13
The diagram below illustrates how plant root
cells take in mineral ions from the surrounding
soil.
Which of the following processes is illustrated?
A. Active transport
C. Osmosis
B. diffusion
D. passive filtration
10/4/13
• Please prepare assignments that are due
Word Bank
•
•
•
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•
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Part II- Questions #2-3
Increases
Solute
Solution A
Solution B
Isotonic
•
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•
•
•
•
•
Part III- Questions
Isotonic
Leave
Osmosis
Hypotonic
Water
Burst
Cell wall
10/4/13
• Good Morning!
• Please complete the “About Me”
1st period improvements
• 117661
• 82057
Cellsalive.com
• Click on interactive plant, animal and
prokaryote models
• Pick the organelles to get function and look at
organelle