Download Chapter 18 and 19: Viruses and Regulation of Gene Expression

Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
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Chapter 18 and 19: Viruses and Regulation of Gene Expression
Overview
The overview for Chapter 18 and 19 introduces the idea that while all cells of an organism have all
genes in the genome, not all genes are expressed in every cell. What regulates gene expression?
Gene expression in prokaryotic cells differs from that in eukaryotic cells. How do disruptions in
gene regulation lead to cancer? This chapter gives you a look at how genes are expressed and
modulated.
Concept 18.1 A virus has a genome but can reproduce only within a host cell.
1.
What is a capsid?
2. What is the role of an envelope in animal viruses?
3. What property of a virus determines its attachment to a host cell membrane?
4. How does a DNA virus reproduce its genome?
5. How do most RNA viruses replicate their genome?
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
6. On this figure of a simplified viral reproductive cycle, label arrows to show these processes:
transcription, translation, infection, replication, and self-assembly. Annotate your labels to
explain the process of viral reproduction.
7. Since cells that have incorporated phage DNA into their genome may continue to divide and
propagate the viral genome, this might be considered somewhat like the Trojan horse. What
might trigger the switchover from lysogenic to lytic mode?
8.
Label the following elements of the figure below: lysogenic phage, lysogenic cycle, lytic cycle,
prophage, phage DNA, bacterial chromosome, and self assembly.
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
9.
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
Describe the lytic and lysogenic modes of bacteriophage reproduction.
10. What is a retrovirus? How do retroviruses, such as HIV, replicate their genome?
11. Here is a sketch of HIV. Label these parts: envelope, reverse transcriptase, RNA, and capsid.
12. This sketch shows the infection of a cell by HIV. Extend label lines to give a complete
explanation of the process. Refer to your text Figure 18.8 for details.
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Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Concept 18.4 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription
13.
All genes are not “on” all the time. Using the metabolic needs of E. coli, explain why not.
14.
What are the two main ways of controlling metabolism in bacterial cells?
15.
Feedback inhibition is a recurring mechanism throughout biological systems. In the case of E.
coli regulating tryptophan synthesis, is it positive or negative inhibition? Explain your choice.
16.
What is a promoter?
17.
What is the operator? What does it do?
18.
What is an operon?
19.
List the three components of an operon, and explain the role of each one.
20.
How does a repressor protein work?
21.
What are regulatory genes?
22.
Distinguish between inducible and repressible operons, and describe one example of each type.
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
23.
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
Label this sketch of the lac operon with the terms at right. Know the function of each structure.
Operon genes
Operon
RNA polymerase
mRNA
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Repressor protein
Operator
Repressor
Regulatory gene
24.
Inducer
Compare and contrast the lac operon and the trp operon. (Remember that compare means “to
tell how they are similar,” and contrast means “to tell how they are different.”)
25.
What happens when a repressor is bound to the operator?
26.
How can both repressible and inducible operons be negative regulators?
Concept 19.2 Eukaryotic gene expression can be regulated at any stage
27.
Even though all cells of an organism have the same genes, there is differential gene expression.
What does this mean?
28.
What percentage of the genes of a typical human cell is expressed at any given time?
29.
What is the common control point of gene expression for all organisms?
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
30.
Gene expression can be regulated by modifications of the chromatin. Distinguish between
heterochromatin and euchromatin as to their structure and activity.
31.
What occurs in histone acetylation? How does it affect gene expression?
32.
What is DNA methylation? What role may it play in gene expression?
33.
Use the sketch below to explain how enhancers and activators interact with transcription factors
to affect gene expression. Label the following elements: TATA box, promoter, gene, enhancer,
activators, transcription factors, transcription initiation complex, RNA polymerase, and
DNA. Then place your explanation to the right of the figure.
EXPLANATION
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
34.
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
Posttranscriptional control includes regulation of mRNA degradation. Explain how this affects
translation.
Concept 19.3 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control
35.
What mechanism is involved in the beginning of tumor growth? Discuss oncogenes and protooncogenes.
36.
What are three mechanisms for converting a proto-oncogene to an oncogene?
37.
There seem to be two categories of genes involved in cancer: oncogenes, which code for
proteins to regulate cell growth, and should not be stuck “on,” much like the accelerator in a
car; and tumor-suppressor genes, which work like the brakes on a car and must function! Let’s
begin with a look at the ras gene, which codes for a G protein and is an oncogene. Label the
sketch below to explain how a ras mutation leads to cancer.
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
38.
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
Tumor-suppressor genes help prevent uncontrolled cell growth. One that is found mutated (and
therefore nonfunctional) in more than 50% of human cancer is p53. So important is the p53
gene that it is sometimes called the “guardian angel of the genome.” Describe the double
whammy that results from mutation of p53.
Concept 19.4 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
39.
It is now known that much of the RNA that is transcribed is not translated into protein. These
RNAs are called noncoding RNAs. Read carefully to discern a crucial role played by these
RNAs. What is this role?
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