* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 2013
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Holliday junction wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
DNA nanotechnology wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY BIOL0280 Third Midterm Examination April 30, 2013 Enter Legible BANNER ID: B 0 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME ON THIS EXAM Make sure that your Banner ID is on every page. This is the only way we have of matching you with your exam after grading it. Please work independently. Read each question carefully before answering. Unless otherwise indicated, there is only one correct answer for each multiple-choice question. Points are indicated by the question within brackets [ ]. There are no calculators or other electronic devices needed or allowed on this exam. All hats must be removed during the exam. Exams will be photocopied before being returned. Page 2 total __________/ 10 Page 3 total __________/ 8 Page 4 total __________/ 12 Page 5 total __________/ 14 Page 6 total __________/ 14 Page 7 total __________/ 15 Page 8 total __________/ 14 Page 9 total __________/ 8 Page 10 total _________/ 5 Exam total __________/ 100 BANNER ID B 0 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ 1. [2 points] Biological amines are generated by amino acids 2 decarboxylation of . 2. [2 points] The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are derived biosynthetically from: A) arginine. B) histidine. C) isoleucine. D) tryptophan. E) tyrosine. Circle the correct answer 3. [4 points] Draw the structure of UMP in the space provided below. Your answer must be completely correct to receive credit. 4. [2 points] Ribonucleotide reductase is a key enzyme in nucleotide biosynthesis. In one sentence, describe its biochemical function. Ribonucleotide reductase converts ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. BANNER ID B 0 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ 3 5. [4 points] Explain the function of the two regulatory sites of ribonucleotide reductase, The primary regulatory site controls overall enzymatic activity and the substrate specificity site controls relative enzymatic activity i.e., which substrates are preferentially reduced. and list molecules that bind to each of these two regulatory sites. Primary site: ATP and dATP Specificity site: ATP, dATP, dGTP, dTTP 6. [2 points] The difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide is: A) a deoxyribonucleotide has an —H instead of an —OH at C-2. B) a deoxyribonucleotide has α configuration at C-1; a ribonucleotide has β configuration. C) a ribonucleotide has an extra —OH at C-4. D) a ribonucleotide has more structural flexibility than deoxyribonucleotide. E) a ribonucleotide is a pyranose, deoxyribonucleotide is a furanose. Circle the correct answer 7. [2 points] Which of the following are possible base compositions for double-stranded DNA? A) %A %G %C %T %U 5 45 45 5 0 B) 20 20 20 20 20 C) 35 15 35 15 0 D) All of the above. E) None of the above. Circle the correct answer. BANNER ID B 0 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ 4 8. [2 points] In the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure (now called B-form DNA): A) a purine in one strand always hydrogen bonds with a purine in the other strand. B) A–T pairs share three hydrogen bonds. C) G–C pairs share two hydrogen bonds. D) the 5' ends of both strands are at one end of the helix. E) the bases occupy the interior of the helix. Circle the correct answer. 9. [2 points] Nucleosomes: A) are important features of chromosome organization in bacteria. B) contain proteins that are rich in acidic amino acids. C) are composed of protein and RNA. D) bind DNA in the form of a solenoidal supercoil. E) occur in chromatin at irregular intervals along the DNA molecule. Circle the correct answer. 10. [6 points] Calculate values for the following topological properties of a closed-circular DNA molecule containing 2,000 base pairs (for simplicity, assume there are 10 base pairs per turn in the relaxed DNA). (a) What is the linking number (Lk) when the DNA is relaxed? 200 (b) What is the linking number (Lk) when the DNA has been underwound by 2 turns? 198 (c) Will the DNA in (b) adopt positive or negative supercoils? negative 11. [2 points] When a DNA molecule is described as replicating bidirectionally, that means that it has two: A) chains. B) independently replicating segment. C) origins. D) replication forks. E) termination points. Circle the correct answer. BANNER ID B 0 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ 5 12. [8 points] Briefly describe the biochemical role of the following enzymes in DNA replication in E. coli: (a) DNA helicase unwinds double-stranded DNA during replication (b) Primase synthesizes RNA primers (c) the 3' → 5' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase proofreads newly synthesized DNA by removing mismatched nucleotides (d) the 5' → 3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers 13. [6 points] In the space below, draw the product of the deamination reaction for the base shown on the left: deamination Name the bases: Cytosine Which repair pathway is most likely to repair this lesion? The base excision repair pathway Uracil BANNER ID B 0 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ 6 14. [5 points] Below, an RNA molecule is being transcribed from a strand of DNA. (a) Label the 5' and 3' ends of the RNA molecule. (b) Label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA template strand. (c) Using an arrow, indicate the direction of synthesis. 3´ 3´ 5´ 5´ 15. [5 points] For each of the following statements, indicate with a P if the statement applies only to prokaryotes, an E if the statement applies only to eukaryotes, and a B if the statement applies to both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. _B_ RNA polymerase initiates transcription de novo, with no requirement for a primer. _E_ Promotor sequences have little intrinsic affinity for RNA polymerase. _P_ A single RNA polymerase transcribes genes that encode mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNA. _P_ Sigma (σ) subunit detaches from RNA polymerase after transcription has initiated. _E_ At the 5' end of the mature mRNA there is a cap consisting of a guanosine joined to the 5'-terminal nucleotide through a 5' to 5' triphosphate group. 16. [2 points] A branched (“lariat”) structure is formed during: A) attachment of a 5' cap to mRNA. B) attachment of poly(A) tails to mRNA. C) processing of preribosomal RNA. D) splicing of all classes of introns. E) splicing of group II introns. Circle the correct answer. 17. [2 points] Splicing of introns in nuclear mRNA primary transcripts requires: A) a guanine nucleoside or nucleotide. B) endoribonucleases. C) polynucleotide phosphorylase. D) RNA polymerase II. E) small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Circle the correct answer. BANNER ID B 0 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ 7 18. [6 points] The template strand of a segment of double-stranded DNA contains the sequence: (5ʹ′)CTT TGA TAA GGA TAG CCC TTC(3ʹ′) (a) What is the base sequence of the mRNA that can be transcribed from this strand? Be certain to label all 5ʹ′ and 3ʹ′ ends in your answer. (5ʹ′)GAA GGG CUA UCC UUA UCA AAG(3ʹ′) (b) What amino acid sequence could be coded by the mRNA base sequence in (a), using only the first reading frame starting at the 5' end? (You may refer to the genetic code on the last page of the exam.) Glu-Gly-Leu-Ser-Leu-Ser-Lys (c) Suppose the other (complementary) strand is used as a template for transcription. What is the amino acid sequence of the resulting peptide, again starting from the 5' end and using only the first reading frame? The codons translate to Leu-Stop-Stop. No peptide would be produced because of the stop codons. 19. [7 points] Match the factor or enzyme at the left with the stage(s) of protein synthesis at which it acts. If a factor or enzyme participates in two stages of protein synthesis, indicate both of them. A) RF B) EF-G C) aminoacyl-tRNA D) Shine-Dalgarno sequence E) IF-3 C D, E B Amino acid activation Initiation Elongation A, B, E Termination 20. [2 points] Approximately how many high-energy phosphate bonds must be consumed to incorporate one amino acid into a protein? (I.e., per peptide bond.) A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 4 E) 8 Circle the correct answer. BANNER ID B 0 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ 8 21. [10 points] In one or two sentences, define the following terms with respect to regulation of transcription: (a) Constitutive Refers to constant, unregulated transcription (b) Induction Refers to increased transcription through activation or positive regulation (c) Repression Refers to decreased transcription through negative regulation (d) Repressor Acts to impede access of RNA polymerase to promoters. (e) Co-activator Mediates interactions between RNA polymerase and transactivators. Does not bind DNA directly. 22. [4 points] In prokaryotes such as E. coli, many operons that encode enzymes involved in amino acid biosynthesis begin with a sequence coding for a leader peptide. This peptide has no known enzymatic function and is rich in the amino acid that is synthesized by the enzymes coded for in the operon. What is the function of this leader peptide? The leader peptide is integral to the regulatory mechanism called transcription attenuation. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are closely coupled. The ability to translate the leader peptide signals that the relevant amino acid is readily available in the cell and that transcription of the operon is undesirable at this time. Translation through the leader peptide (when the amino acid is abundant) allows the formation of a hairpin attenuator structure downstream in the nascent RNA chain. This attenuator acts as a transcription terminator, causing dissociation of the RNA polymerase. When the relevant amino acid is in short supply, the ribosome stalls trying to synthesize the leader peptide. A different secondary structure forms in the nascent RNA, preventing formation of the terminator and allowing continued transcription of the operon. BANNER ID B 0 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ 9 23. [2 points] Certain restriction enzymes produce cohesive (sticky) ends. This means that they: A) cut both DNA strands at the same base pair. B) cut in regions of high GC content, leaving ends that can form more hydrogen bonds than ends of high AT content. C) make a staggered double-strand cut, leaving ends with a few nucleotides of singlestranded DNA protruding. D) make ends that can anneal to cohesive ends generated by any other restriction enzyme. E) stick tightly to the ends of the DNA they have cut. Circle the correct answer. 24. [3 points] Match each vector with the appropriate method used for its introduction into host cells: (a) Electroporation b Plasmid (b) Transformation c Bacteriophage λ (c) Infection a BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) 25. [3 points] In order to amplify Gene X shown below using PCR, to what region and strand would the two oligonucleotide primers anneal? A) Region A and B of the top strand. B) Region A of both strands. C) Region A of the top strand and region B of the bottom strand. D) Region A of the bottom strand and region B of the top strand. E) None of the above. Circle the correct answer and draw the primers on the diagram. BANNER ID B 0 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ 10 26. [5 points] A plasmid that encodes resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline is digested with the restriction endonuclease PstI, which cuts the plasmid at a single site in the ampicillinresistance gene. The cut plasmid DNA is then ligated with a PstI digest of human DNA and introduced into E. coli cells. (a) What antibiotic would you put in an agar plate to ensure that the cells of a bacterial colony contain the plasmid? tetracycline (b) What will the antibiotic-resistance phenotypes be of the bacteria growing on the plate? (In your answer, use tetR to refer to tetracycline resistance, tetS to refer to tetracycline sensitivity, ampR to refer to ampicillin resistance and ampS to refer to ampicillin sensitivity.) tetR ampR tetR ampS (c) Which phenotype will indicate the presence of plasmids that contain human DNA fragments? Provide a brief explanation. tetR ampS This phenotype indicates that the gene for ampicillin resistance has been interrupted by the insertion of a human DNA fragment. BANNER ID B 0 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ The Genetic Code: 11